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Immunology > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis is?

A

Formation and development of erythrocytes and leukocytes (RBC and WBC)

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2
Q

4 kinds of WBC

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Mast cells
  3. Monocytes
  4. Lymphocytes (B, T, NK, and NKT cells)
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3
Q

Granulocytes - 3 kinds

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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4
Q

Lymphocytes - 4 kinds

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells, NKT cells

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5
Q

What cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells?

A

RBC, all WBC, and platelets

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6
Q

2 important characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells

A
  1. Self renewal

2. Multi lineage differentiation potential (aka. pluripotent)

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7
Q

First differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells gives?

A

Myeloid progenitor and Lymphoid progenitor

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8
Q

Lymphoid Progenitor cells give rise to?

A

NK cells, Dendritic cells, and T/B progenitor cells

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9
Q

Myeloid Progenitor cells give rise to?

A

Dendritic cells, mast cells, megakaryocytes (make platelets), progenitors of: basophils, eosinophils, granulocyte/monocyte.

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10
Q

granulocyte/monocyte progenitors give rise to

A

Monocyte –> either macrophage or dendritic cell

Neutrophil

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11
Q

Basophils can further differentiate into?

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

T cell progenitor can further differentiate into?

A

TH helper cell

TC cytotoxic cell

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13
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the?

A

Mainly bone marrow but some can be found in the blood

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14
Q

sites of hematopoiesis: 0-2 months (fetus)

A

yolk sac

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15
Q

sites of hematopoiesis: 2-7 months (fetus)

A

Liver and spleen

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16
Q

sites of hematopoiesis: 5-9 months (fetus)

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

sites of hematopoiesis: infants

A

Bone marrow of almost all bones

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18
Q

sites of hematopoiesis: adults

A

BM of vertebrae, ribs, sternum , skull, sacrum, pelvis and end of femurs

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19
Q

Bone marrow is an example of ___ lymphoid tissue

A

Primary

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20
Q

3 Basic components of bone marrow are:

A
  1. stem cells
  2. microenvironment (stromal cells and extracellular matrix)
  3. Hematopoietic growth factors
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21
Q

Extracellular matrix : role in bone marrow

A

Attachment site of stem cells and progenitor cells

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22
Q

Stromal cells: 4 roles in bone marrow

A
  1. Physical support for stem cell growth
  2. Provide nutrients 3.produce GF f
  3. express adhesion molecules to induce differentiation
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23
Q

Stromal cells include which kinds of cells?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and adipocytes

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24
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors are:

A
  • glycoproteins in low concentrations
  • produced by many cells (stromal, monocytes, lymphocytes)
  • can affect more than one cell lineage
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25
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors show ____ action with other growth factors

A

additive or synergistic

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26
Q

3 key regulatory factors for neutrophil granulopoiesis:

A

IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF

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27
Q

2 characterizations of maturation of neutrophil granulopoiesis

A
  1. Nuclear segmentation
  2. Acquisition of primary, followed by secondary granules
    * takes about a week to fully mature
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28
Q

Granulopoeisis is controlled by:

A

Negative feedback by mature forms

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29
Q

Monocytopoiesis key hematopoietic growth factor?

A

M-CSF

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30
Q

Maturation characteristics of monocytopoiesis

A
  1. Gradual nuclear folding

2. Acquisition of cytoplasmic granules

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31
Q

Monocytopoiesis: Stages in development

A
  1. Monoblast
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Mature monocyte
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32
Q

Monocytopoiesis has the same progenitor cell as for?

A

segmented neutrophils

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33
Q

Lymphopoeisis generates?

A

T, B, NKT, and NK cells

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34
Q

Lymphopoeisis: key hematopoietic growth factors

A

IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-7

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35
Q

Lymphopoeisis maturation stages are defined by?

A

Surface antigen presentation rather than morphological features (CD antigens)

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36
Q

B cells mature from their progenitors in the ?

A

Bone marrow

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37
Q

NK cells mature from their progenitors in the ?

A

Bone marrow

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38
Q

T cells mature from their progenitors in the ?

A
  1. Bone marrow (prothymocytes)

2. Thymus (thymocytes)

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39
Q

Positive selection

A

Testing the T cells to make sure they are reactive to foreign antigen

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40
Q

Negative selection

A

Testing to make sure the T cells are not self reactive `

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41
Q

Production of mature blood cells increases ___ fold in response to inflammation or infection

A

10-20

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42
Q

4 ways in which homeostasis of hematopoiesis is maintained

A
  1. Controlling the level/types of cytokines produced by stromal cells
  2. Production of cytokines by other cell types like activated T cells and macrophages
  3. Regulation in the expression of receptors for hematopoietically active cytokines in stem cells and progenitor cells
  4. Removal of some cells by apoptosis
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43
Q

Difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

apoptosis involves decreased cell volume, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane blebbling generating apoptotic bodies
**does not cause inflammation

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44
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Thymus and bone marrow

-also known as the central lymphoid organs

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45
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

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46
Q

GALT

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue, where antigen is trapped.

  • a specific type of MALT
  • allows for interaction of antigen with mature lymphocytes and antigen dependant maturation of T and B cells
47
Q

Tertiary lymphoid tissues

A

Normally contain fewer lymphoid cells than secondary organs but can import lymphoid cells during an inflammatory response
-eg. Cutaneous associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)

48
Q

Thymus - outer cortex

A

packed densely with immature, proliferating thymocytes

-most undergo apoptosis

49
Q

Thymus - inner medulla

A

Sparsely populated with more mature thymocytes

50
Q

During maturation, thymocytes interact with?

A

Cortical epithelial cells, medullary epithelial cells ,dendritic cells and macrophages

51
Q

Thymus is the site of __ &__ maturation

A

T and NKT cell

52
Q

____ lymphocytes circulate in the lymphatic vessels

A

mature

53
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain back into circulation at:

A

The left subclavian vein via the thoracic duct

54
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels bring:

A

Lymph fluid containing antigen-carrying dendritic cells, particulate antigen, and a few lymphocytes from tissues to regional lymph nodes

55
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels bring:

A

Lymph fluid from the lymph nodes via the thoracic duct into venous circulation

  • carry antibodies secreted by plasma cells and activated/memory T and B cells
  • distribute effector cells and antibodies throughout the body
56
Q

Lymph nodes are the site of:

A

Generation of T and B cell antibody responses to specific antigens
-lymphocytes interact with antigen/antigen presenting cells (especially interdigitating dendritic cells)

57
Q

Lymph node structure: main features

A
  • bean shaped
  • sinuses (subcupscular, cortical medullary)
  • afferent and efferent lymph vessels
  • parenchyma comprised of cortex, paracortex, medulla
58
Q

Lymph node: cortex follicles

A
  1. Primary follicles: naive B cells, follicular dendritic cells, macrophages
  2. Secondary follicles: activated B cells in germinal centres
59
Q

Lymph node: paracortex

A

T cells, interdigitating dendritic cells

60
Q

Lymph node: medulla

A

Phagocytic macrophages, antibody secreting plasma cells, some activated/memory B and T cells that are moving to efferent lymph

61
Q

Lymph node: reticular network

A

Composed of extracellular matrix, reticular fibres and fibroblastic reticular cells

*provides support for lymphocyte compartments

62
Q

High endothelial venules

A

Allow mature B and T lymphocytes to move from the blood into lymph nodes

63
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

Located in the germinal center of lymph nodes

  • concentrate antigen for B lymphocytes
  • allow more B cell receptors to be occupied
64
Q

Antigen dependent B lymphocyte maturation takes place in?

A

The lymph node

-can only take place in 2º lymphoid tissues

65
Q

Spleen structure: main features

A
  • Located in the upper left quadrent of the abdominal cavity
  • surrounded by a capsule
  • has white pulp and red pulp surrounded by a marginal zone
66
Q

Spleen: white pulp

A

Generation of T cell and B cell responses (antibodies) against blood borne antigens

67
Q

Spleen: marginal zone

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells trap blood borne antigens and transport them to the white pulp

68
Q

Spleen: red pulp

A

Defective and old RBC and blood borne pathogens are phagocytosed by macrophages

69
Q

3 components of blood

A

RBC, WBC, Platelets

70
Q

WBC of the blood (5):

A 
Neutrophils 
Monocytes
Lymphocytes 
Eosinophils
Basophils
71
Q

% Neutrophils in the blood

A

~70%

72
Q

% lymphocytes in the blood

A

~20-40%

73
Q

Neutrophils: production and lifetime

A

Produced in the bone marrow and released into the blood

Circulate for 7-10 hours

Generally first to arrive at sites of infection
-will die within 48 hours of migrating into tissue

74
Q

Neutrophils: morphology

A

Segmented nucleus (up to 3-4) connected by chromatin strands

Has 2 types of granules

  • primary: larger, denser, lysosomal function
  • secondary: smaller
75
Q

Neutrophils: size and count

A

~13µm in diameter

Most abundant leukocyte in the blood

  • 2-8x10^9 cells/litre
  • 50-70% of circulating leukocytes
76
Q

Neutrophils: function

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

77
Q

Neutrophils: 2 methods of killing ingested bacteria

A
  1. Oxygen dependent: use of reactive oxygen intermediates
    - superoxide anion
    - hydroxyl radical
    - hydrogen peroxide
    - hypochlorite anion
  2. Oxygen independent: use of reactive nitrogen intermediates
    - defensins
    - lysozyme
    - hydrolytic enzymes
    - tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
78
Q

4 steps of Neutrophil migration

A
  1. Tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that increase blood flow/capillary permeability
  2. Permeable capillaries allow influx of fluid and cells
  3. Phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation by chemotaxis
  4. Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate (complement, C-reactive protein) destroy bacteria
79
Q

Eosinophils: form, production, numbers

A

Produced in bone marrow and released into blood

Segmented nucleus (2 lobes)

Spherical granules

~12-17µm in diameter

~1-3% of blood leukocytes

80
Q

Eosinophils: function

A

Anti parasitic function
-has a protein called eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

Involved in allergic reactions

Contain lysosomal and oxygen radical generation enzymes like neutrophils

81
Q

Basophils: form, production, numbers

A

Produced in bone marrow and released into blood

Segmented nucleus (2 lobes)

Spherical PURPLE granules
-contain histamine

~12-17µm in diameter

Make up

82
Q

Basophils: Function

A

Back up mast cell responses in inflammation

Also involved in allergic reactions

Granules contain histamin

Also make leukotrienes and prostaglandins

83
Q

Mast cells: production and differentiation

A

Produced in bone marrow and released into blood as immature precursor cells

Differentiate upon entering tissues

Usually found surrounding blood vessels and nerves

84
Q

2 types of mast cells

A
  1. Connective tissue mast cells

2. Mucosal mast cells

85
Q

Mast cell: morphology

A

Similar to basophils but ARE NOT GRANULOCYTES
-they arise from different precursor cells

Heavily granulated
-contain histamine

~12-17µm in diameter

86
Q

Mast cells: function

A

Initiators of inflammation

Involved in allergic reactions

Granules contain histamine

Also make leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines

87
Q

Monocytes: morphology

A

Horse shoe nucleus

Bluish grey cytoplasm, often vacuolated

Variable # of fine reddish granules

~15-18µm in diameter

88
Q

Monocytes: production and migration

A

Produced in the bone marrow and released into the blood

Circulate for ~8 hours

Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

89
Q

Monocyte –> Macrophage differentiation

A

Increases 5-10 fold in size

Increases # of complex organelles

Increased phagocytic activity

increased levels of hydrolytic enzymes

90
Q

Macrophage: function

A

Phagocytosis of microorganisms
-can grab bacteria with its pseudopodia

Killing of phagocytosed organisms through oxygen dependent and oxygen independent methods

Recruitment of cells to inflammatory site by releasing cytokines and chemokines

Presenting antigens to T cells

91
Q

Macrophages are named according to?

A

Location.
-ex: alveolar, histiocytes (connective tissue), Kupffer cells (liver, mesangial cells (kidney), microglial (brain), osteoclasts (bone)

92
Q

Initial activation of macrophages is due to?

A

Act of phagocytosis as well as Th1 cytokines like IFNy, inflammatory mediator and bacterial components

93
Q

Activated macrophages exhibit what characteristics?

A

Enhanced phagocytic activity, killing ability, secretion of inflammatory mediators, the ability to activate T lymphocytes

94
Q

Macrophages travel by ___ movement through the tissues

A

Amoeboid

95
Q

Dendritic cells: production and migration

A

Produced in the bone marrow and released into blood

  • all come from a common myeloid progenitor line that includes monocytes
  • *except follicular dendritic cells

Migrate into tissues

96
Q

Dendritic cells are the most potent form of what cell type?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells (APC)

-unlike macrophages and B cells, DC don’t have to be activated to do this

97
Q

Dendritic cells load antigen onto which molecule(s) for presentation

A

Both MHC I and MHC II

98
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

DON’T arise from bone marrow or act as APC

  • located in lymph node follicles
  • form important interactions with B cells in lymph node follicles
99
Q

Dendritic cell: function

A

Capture antigens from invading pathogens in the tissues

Travel to the lymph nodes and present antigen to T cells (using MHC I and MHC II connecting to the TCR) and costimulate T cell activation

100
Q

4 other forms of interaction between DC and T cells other than MHC

A
  1. ICAM-1 to LFA-1
  2. B7 to CD28
  3. CD40 to CD40L
  4. Cytokines released by the DC
101
Q

Naive T and B cells: morphology

A

Round nucleus ~size of RBC

Small rim of blue cytoplasm

~9µm in diameter

**90% of lymphocytes

102
Q

Large granular lymphocytes (NK and CTL)

A

Larger cell than T and B

More abundant cytoplasm

Larger granules
-contain perforin and granzyme

**10% of lymphocytes

103
Q

Lymphocyte classification: T cells - %, ratios, and types

A

70-80% of lymphocytes

Made up of:

  • CD4+ helper and regulatory T cells
  • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
  • *CD4:CD8 = 2:1 ratio
104
Q

Lymphocyte classification: B cells

A

Make up 10-20% of lymphocytes

105
Q

Lymphocyte classification: NK cells

A

Make up 5-10% of lymphocytes

106
Q

Lymphocyte classification: NKT cells

A

Express functional T cell receptors that interact with CD1 instead of class I and II MHC

107
Q

Both NK and NKT cells function in ____ immunity

A

Innate

*both can produce cytokines

108
Q

T cells and B cells function in ____ immunity

A

Acquired/adaptive

109
Q

CD4+ T cells

A

Act as “generals” of the immune system

Help to activate CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and other immune system cells

Regulate immune responses

Do so by producing a range of cytokines

110
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

Kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

111
Q

B cells: formation

A

Are formed AND mature in the bone marrow

Express membrane bound immunoglobulin

112
Q

NK cells: formation

A

Form and mature in the bone marrow

*produce and secrete antibody

113
Q

NKT cells: formation and role

A

Form in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Express T cell receptors

Kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

Important source of cytokines

Immunology (19 decks)

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