* What type of cut is: A
Longitudinal section
* What type of cut is: B
Cross section
* What type of cut is: C
Oblique section
Classes of epithelium
ID: A
Simple
Classes of epithelium
ID: B
Pseudostratified columnar
Classes of epithelium
ID: C
Stratified
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: A
Microvilli (brush border)
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: B
Connective tissue
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: C
Basement membrane
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: D
Nuclei
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: E
Goblet cell
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: F
Columnar cells
What type of tissue is this?
Aerolar
What type of tissue is this?
Reticular
ID: A
Ground Substance
ID: B
Elastic fibers
ID: C
Collagenous fibers
ID: D
Fibroblasts
ID: A
Leukocytes
ID: B
Reticular fibers
What type of tissue is this?
Dense Irregular Connective
What type of tissue is this?
Dence Regular Connective
What type of tissue is this?
Bone
ID: A
Lacunae
ID: B
Canaliculi
ID: C
Concentric lamellae of osteon
ID: D
Central canal
ID: E
Osteon
What type of cell is this?
Neuron
ID: A
Nuclei of glial cells
ID: B
Axon
ID: C
Neurosoma
ID: D
Dendrites
What tissue is this?
Cardiac Muscle
What tissue is this?
Skeletal Muscle
What tissue is this?
Smooth Muscle
ID: A
Intercalated discs
ID: B
Striations
ID: C
Glycogen
ID: A
Nuclei
ID: B
Striations
ID: C
Muscle fiber
ID: A
Nuclei
ID: B
Muscle cells
What are the four categories of tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
- Simple
- Stratified
What 4 types of cells can make up a simple epithelial layer?
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Pseudostratified
What 4 types of cells can be found in a stratified epithelial layer?
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
- transitional
What is a simple epithelial layer made of?
A single layer of cells
What is a stratified epithelial layer made of?
Multiple layers of cells
Histology is the study of
tissues and how they are arranged into organs
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
- Loose
- Dense
- Blood
- Cartilige
- Bone
- Fat
What are the two types of loose connective tissue?
- Aereolar
- Reticular
Embryonic Tissues
* Name the three primary germ layers, ID which layer each is and its characteristics.
- Ectoderm: Outer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
- Mesoderm: Middle, becomes gelatinous tissue called *mesenchyme - wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix - Gives rise to muscle, bone & blood
- Endoderm: Inner, gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive. and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, etc
Define:
Smear
A tissue that is rubbed or spread accross the slide
(ex. spinal cord or blood)
Define:
Spread
Cobwebby tissue that is laid out on a slide
(ex. areolar tissue)
True or False
Epithelial tissue is avascular.
TRUE
True or False
Avascular means the tissue has blood vessels.
FALSE
Avascular tissue has NO blood vessels and relies on the layers below for O2 and nutrients.
What are 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
- flat sheet of closely adhering cells
- one or more cells thick
- upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
- covers body surface and lines body cavities
- forms the external and internal linings of many organs
What are the basic 3 layers of epithelial tissue and what is the basic function of each?
- epethelia: protection, topical medicines
- basement membrane: carry up O2 and nutrients up to the epethelia from the connective tissue
- connective tissue: supplies the nutrients and O2, layer that receives medicinal injections
Where do we find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to Bone
(MtB)
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to Bone
(BtB)
Transcription occurs in the ______ and is responsible for ______ duplication.
nucleus, gene (mRNA)
Translation occurs in
the ER
A part of the translation process, ribosomes produce
proteins
What are the characteristics of transitional tissue and name an organ that uses it.
- stratisfied and stretchy
- bladder
Goblet cells are
simple psuedostratified columnar cells
What do goblet cells produce?
mucus
* _______ epithelium, found in the _______, is covered with a layter of dead compressed cells.
keratinized, epidermis
* What is the purpose of keratinized cells?
Provide waterproofing and protection from abrasion.
Name 3 membranes that are nonkeratinized.
- Tongue
- Esophagus
- Vagina
* What kind of cells line the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified Ciliated
* What is the difference between cilia and microvilli?
- Cilia serve to move particles/mucus
- Microvilli serve to increase surface area
What type of tissue is this?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
ID: A
Microcilli (brush border)
ID: B
Connective tissue
ID: C
Basement membrane
ID: D
Nuclei
ID: E
Goblet cell
ID: F
Columnar cells
ID: A
Lumen
ID: B
Cuboidal epithelial cells
ID: C
Basement membrane
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
ID: A
Squamous Epithelial Cells
ID: B
Basement Membrane
ID: C
Nuclei of smooth muscle
- Blasts =
- Cytes =
- Immature
- Mature
A cell with it’s nucleus pushed off to one side describes a
fat cell
* The basal surface faces the
basement membrane
* The apical surface faces
away from the basement membrane
Is cartilige vascular or avascular?
Avascular
* Name four places where we will find simple squamous epithelium
- Alveoli (lungs)
- Glomeruli (kidneys)
- Endothelium (heart and blood vessels)
- Serosa (air membranes)
* What type of cell allows for rapid diffusion and transport of substances?
squamous
What is a simple cuboidal epithelium?
A single layer of square or round cells
What is simple cuboidal epithelium used for
Absorbtion, secretion, mucus production and movement
What is the difference between exfoliation and desquamation?
Nothing. They both mean removing dead cells.
nonkeratinized tissue lacks
surface layer of dead cells
* _______ epithelium changes from round to flat when stretched.
Transitional
Name the eight basic functions of connective tissue.
- Binding of organs
- Support
- Physical protection
- Immune protection
- Movement
- Storage
- Heat production
- Transport
* White blood cells are also known as…
Leukocytes
* What are the two types of leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
* What are the three types of Granulocytes?
- Neutrophil
- Esinophil
- Basophil
* What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
* A macrophage is a type of
monocyte
* What are the two types of lymphocytes?
- B cells
- T cells
* B cells assist
- plasma to produce antibodies and immunoglobins
- memory
* What are the four types of fibrous connective tissues and where are they found?
- Areolar, under all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
- Reticular, lymph nodes, spleen thymus and bone marrow
- Dense regular, tendons and ligaments
- Dense irregular, deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs
* Adipose tissue is
fat tissue
* Fat cells are called
adipocytes
* Fat is the body’s primary
energy reservoir
The space between adipocytes is occupied by…
- areolar tissue
- reticular tissue
- blood capillaries
* Give three characteristics of adipose tissue
- thermal insulation
- anchors and cushions organs
- contributes to body contour
Most adult fat is called
white fat
Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue found in
- fetuses
- infants
- children
Describe the nucleus in an adipose tissue cell
The nucleus are pressed off to the side
In cartilage, chondroblasts create cavities called _______.
lacunae
Chondrocytes are
Cartilage cells in lacunae
Perichondrium is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds…
elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular)
Cartilage heals slowly because it is
avascular
What are the three types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Fibro
- Elastic
Where are some places where hyaline cartilage is found?
- trachea
- larynx
- fetal skeleton
What are some functions of hyaline cartilage?
- ease joint movement
- hold airway open
- moves vocal chords
Where would we find elastic cartilage?
- outer ear
- epiglottis
True or False
Fibrocartilage never has a perchondrium.
TRUE
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where can it be found?
- To resist compression and absorb shock.
- It can be found in the intervertabral discs and pubic symphysis
Bone is an ______ of the body as well as a _______.
organ, tissue
What are the two forms of osseous (bone) tissue?
- Spongy (porous interior inner)
- Compact bone (denser outer layer)
The Osteon is the
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Osteocytes are
mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae
Canaliculi are
Delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna to allow osteocytes to contact each other
The Periosteum is
the tough fibrous connective tissue covering the bone as a whole
Blood is made of
- Plasma and formed elements
Plasma is
the bloods liquid ground substance
What are the three formed elements of blood?
State the function of each.
- Erythrocytes - red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes - white blood cells that defend against infection and other diseases
- Platelets - celll fragments invloved in clotting
What are the two excitable tissues of the body?
Nervous and muscular
Nerve changes result in
rapid transmission of signals to other cells
Muscle changes result in
contraction, shortening of the cell
Nervous tissue is specialized for communication by
electrical and chemical signals
Nervous tissue consts of what type of cells?
neurons
Neuroglia are also known as
glial cells
Neuroglia ______ and _______ neurons and act as _______ of the nervous system.
protect, assist, housekeepers
What are the 3 parts of the neuron?
- Nerosoma (cell body)
- Dendrites (branches)
- Axon (nerve fiber)
Function of Neurosoma
- House nucleus and other organelles
- cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis
Function of Dendrites
- receive signals from other cells
- transmit messages to neurosoma
Function of Axon
- Send outgoing signals to other cells
What are the three types of muscle?
- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
- one centrally located nucleus
- intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
- striated
- Involuntary (no conscious control)
Characteristics of smooth muscle
- lack striations
- Involuntary (no conscious control)
- One centrally located nucleus
- Visceral muscle found in digestive, respiratory and urinary tract
- Propels contents through an organ
- regulates diameter of blood vessels
Cell junctions are
connections between one cell and another
A tight junction is
a region in which adjacent cells are bound by fusion of their membranes
(tight velcro type, no space between)
Desmosomes are junctions that
holds cells together like a clothing snap
slight space between cells
Function of hemidsmosomes
to anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane
Gap junctions characteristics
- 6 points of contact through transmembrane proteins (like pores)
- very good at sending messages
A gland is a
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.
Secretion is a
product useful to the body
Excretion is a
waste product
Hormones are
chemical messengers
Hormones are released directly…
into the blood stream.
Exocrine gland characteristics
- mainteain contact with body surface via duct
- sweat, mammary, tear
Endocrine gland characteristics
- have no ducts or surface contact
- used for secretion of hormones
What are the four types of secretions?
- serous: milk, tears digestive juices
- mucous: mucus, goblet cells
- mixed: contain both cerous and mucus secretions
- cytogenic: sperm/egg from testes/ovaries
Membranes line
- body cavities and cover their viscera
cutaneous membrane is
the skin
Mucous membrane lines
passages that open to the external environment
Serous membrane (serosa) cover
internal organs and cavities
Synovial membrane lines
joint cavities