Chapter 10 Key Terms Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 10 Key Terms Deck (36)
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1
Q

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognition

2
Q

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

Concepts

3
Q

a mental image or best example of a category

A

Prototypes

4
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

A

Algorithm

5
Q

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

A

Heuristic

6
Q

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

A

Insight

7
Q

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions

A

Confirmation bias

8
Q

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; impediment to problem solving

A

Fixation

9
Q

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A

Mental set

10
Q

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

A

Functional fixedness

11
Q

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

A

Representativeness heuristic

12
Q

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps b/c its vivid), we presume such events are common

A

Availability heuristic

13
Q

the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

A

Overconfidence

14
Q

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

A

Framing

15
Q

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

A

Belief bias

16
Q

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

A

Belief perseverance

17
Q

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

A

Language

18
Q

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

A

Phonemes

19
Q

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

A

Morpheme

20
Q

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

Grammar

21
Q

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

A

Semantics

22
Q

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

A

Syntax

23
Q

ability to comprehend speech

A

receptive language

24
Q

ability to produce words

A

productive language

25
Q

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

A

Babbling stage

26
Q

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

A

One-word stage

27
Q

beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

A

Two-word stage

28
Q

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

A

Telegraphic speech

29
Q

all languages have the same grammatical building blocks that underlies all human language

A

universal grammar

30
Q

Over time, we grasp specific phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences, and the rules by which we can combine them; Chomsky called it this

A

surface structure

31
Q

While deciphering surface structure, we also learn to discern its meanings; Chomsky called it this

A

deep structure

32
Q

A period for mastering certain aspects of language during childhood

A

critical period

33
Q

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

A

Linguistic determinism

34
Q

ability to learn to inhibit one language while using their other language and helps better able to inhibit attention to irrelevant information

A

Bilingual advantage

35
Q

told to imagine the destination you want to achieve

A

Outcome stimulation

36
Q

told to imagine how you are going to get to the destination you want

A

Process stimulation