chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species.

A

Invasive species

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2
Q

species are introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed.

A

Introduced, exotic, or non-native

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3
Q

unique type of predator that can also limit the abundance of prey.

A

Parasitoids

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4
Q

relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores (e.g., coyotes, weasels, feral cats).

A

Mesopredators

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5
Q

predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators (e.g., mountain lions, wolves, sharks).

A

Top predators

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6
Q

The effects of herbivores may be seen by

A

fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing.

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7
Q

The synchrony of population cycles between consumers and the populations they consume suggests

A

that these oscillations are the result of interactions between them.

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8
Q

conducted a series of experiments using western predatory mites as predators and six-spotted mites as prey.

A

Carl Huffaker

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9
Q

Wooden posts were placed on trays as jumping points between oranges to give

A

prey mites a dispersal advantage

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10
Q

a model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey.

A

Lotka-Volterra model

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11
Q

N =

A

number of prey

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12
Q

P =

A

number of predators

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13
Q

c =

A

probability of an encounter between a predator and prey leading to the prey’s capture

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14
Q

a =

A

the efficiency of a predator converting consumed prey into predator offspring

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15
Q

m =

A

per capita mortality rate of predators

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16
Q

the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable

A

Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline

17
Q

the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations.

A

Joint population trajectory

18
Q

the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross

A

Joint equilibrium point

19
Q

relationship btw the density of prey & an individual predator’s rate of food consumption

A

Functional response

20
Q

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs.

A

Type I functional response

21
Q

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow as prey density increases and then plateaus; often happens because predators must spend more time handling more prey

A

Type II functional response

22
Q

when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively.

A

Type III functional response

23
Q

Low consumption at low prey densities may occur for 3 reasons

A
  1. Prey can easily find refuges to hide.
  2. Predators may have less practice at locating and catching prey but develop a search image at higher prey densities.

Search image: a learned mental image that helps a predator locate and capture food.

  1. Predators may exhibit prey switching by changing their diet preferences to the more abundant prey
24
Q

a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration.

A

Numerical response

25
Q

occurs when a prey moves away from a predator

A

Spatial avoidance

26
Q

camouflage that either allows an individual to match its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background (e.g., katydids, horned lizards).

A

Crypsis

27
Q

when palatable species evolve warning

coloration that resembles unpalatable species (e.g., hover flies and hornet clearwings resemble the common wasp).

A

Batesian mimicry

28
Q

Defense costs can reduce

A

growth, development, and reproduction

29
Q

when two or more species affect each other’s evolution; selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators.

A

Coevolution

30
Q

crab and mussel are exaples of

A

coevolution

31
Q

e.g., sharp spines, hair) deter herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits.

A

Structural defenses