Chapter 2 pt. 1 Flashcards Preview

Psychology 101 > Chapter 2 pt. 1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 2 pt. 1 Deck (39)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What are research methods?

A

methods they use in research

2
Q

What happens when methods are not sound?

A
  • we use the wrong test, or a bad test that doesn’t really represent my construct
  • don’t treat every subject the same
  • have a biased sample
3
Q

When researching you need replication because otherwise we get a ____________ of results

A

generalizability

4
Q

What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

A clinical study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service studying the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama under the auspices of receiving free health care from the United States government.
Once a cure was found though the subjects did not receive it and many of them died.

5
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

(1) formulate a testable hypothesis
(2) select the research method and design the study
(3) collect the data
(4) analyze the data and draw conclusions
(5) report the findings

6
Q

The scientific approach allows us to test ____________ & exclude alternate ___________

A

hypotheses

explanations

7
Q

In order to achieve the scientific approach you must have clear hypotheses and ___________ _______ what you are measuring

A

operationally define

8
Q

Differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies

A

research methods

9
Q

Experimental research methods= manipulation of _________/__________

A

variables/behaviors

10
Q

Descriptive/correlational research methods=measurement of ____________- no manipulation

A

behavior

11
Q

__________ __________ methods=manipulation of variables/behaviors

A

experimental research

12
Q

__________/__________ research methods =measurement of behavior- no manipulation

A

Descriptive/correlational

13
Q

An __________ involves the manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions

A

experiment

14
Q

Experiments allow for detection of _______-_____-_______ relationships

A

cause-and-effect

15
Q

___________ allow for detection of cause-and-effect relationships

A

experiments

16
Q

What is a variable?

A

anything you can change (i.e. it can vary) and concretely measure

17
Q

What are the two main types of variables?

A
  1. Independent Variable

2. Dependent Variable

18
Q

Is this an independent or dependent variable:

condition or event varied by the experimenter

A

Independent variable

19
Q

Is this an independent or dependent variable:

variable that is affected by manipulation

A

Dependent variable

20
Q

The dependent variable depends on the ____________ of the independent variable

A

manipulation

21
Q

The dependent variable is what we ___________

A

measure

22
Q

The independent is what we ___________

A

manipulate

23
Q

An experimental design is how does X (__________ variable) affect or change Y (___________ variable).

A

X=independent

Y=dependent

24
Q

What are the goals of the scientific approach?

A

It assumes that there are laws of behavior that can be discovered through empirical research.

25
Q

What are the goals of the science of psychology?

A

(1) the measurement and description of behavior
(2) the understanding and prediction of behavior
(3) the application of this knowledge to the task of controlling behavior

26
Q

What is the difference between a theory and hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

27
Q

What are the two types of experiment groups?

A

(1) experimental groups

(2) control groups

28
Q

One (or more) groups in a experiment are assigned to the __________ group(s)

A

experimental

29
Q

subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

A

experimental group

30
Q

group of participants who do not receive the special treatment

A

control group

31
Q

Participants in the experimental group(s) and control group are alike in all respects, except for manipulation of ___________ variable

A

independent

32
Q

Resulting differences in the two groups must be due to the independent variable – allows for _________ (IV caused differences in the DV)

A

causation

33
Q

What type of variable, is a variable that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment?

A

Extraneous (or confounding) variable

34
Q

How do you (at least attend to ) control for extraneous and confounding variables?

A
  • Survey participants demographics/personality characteristics
  • Random assignment!
35
Q

What are the variations in types of studies?

A

(1) Expose a single group to two different conditions
(2) Manipulate more than one independent variable
(3) Use more than one dependent variable

36
Q

What are the advantages to using the experimental method?

A
  • Conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn

- Can understand the effects of different variables

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of using the experimental method?

A
  • Artificial nature of experiments

- Ethical and practical issues

38
Q

What are the advantages of using descriptive/correlational research?

A

Explore questions that cannot be examined experimentally

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of using descriptive/correlational research?

A

Investigators cannot control events to isolate cause and effect