Chapter 9 Key Terms Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 9 Key Terms Deck (55)
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1
Q

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

A

memory

2
Q

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

A

flashbulb memory

3
Q

processing of information into the memory system- for ex., by extracting meaning

A

encoding

4
Q

the retention of encoded information over time

A

storage

5
Q

the process of getting information out of memory storage

A

retrieval

6
Q

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

A

sensory memory

7
Q

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing)

A

short-term memory

8
Q

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

A

long-term memory

9
Q

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

A

working memory

10
Q

coordinate auditory & visual-spatial elements in working memory

A

central executive processor

11
Q

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

A

automatic processing

12
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

13
Q

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

A

rehearsal

14
Q

poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them

A

next-in-line effect

15
Q

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

A

spacing effect

16
Q

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

serial position effect:

17
Q

the encoding of picture images

A

visual encoding

18
Q

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

A

acoustic encoding

19
Q

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

A

semantic encoding

20
Q

asked how well adjectives describe yourself, remember the words better

A

self-reference effect

21
Q

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

A

imagery

22
Q

people tend to recall events more positively than at the time it occurred

A

rosy retrospection

23
Q

memory aids, especially techniques using vivid imagery & organizational devices

A

mnemonics

24
Q

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

chunking

25
Q

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

A

iconic memory

26
Q

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

A

echoic memory

27
Q

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

A

long-term potentiation (LTP)

28
Q

the loss of memory

A

amnesia

29
Q

retention independent of conscious recollection

A

implicit (procedural) memory

30
Q

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

A

explicit (declarative) memory

31
Q

a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage

A

hippocampus

32
Q

reactions and skills learned during infancy reach far into our future, yet as adults we cannot recall anything (explicitly) of our first three years

A

infantile amnesia

33
Q

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

A

recall

34
Q

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

A

recognition

35
Q

a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

A

relearning

36
Q

anchor points you use to access target info when you want to retrieve it later

A

retrieval cues

37
Q

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

A

priming

38
Q

memory without explicit remembering

A

“memoryless memory”

39
Q

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before;” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

A

déjà vu

40
Q

what we learn in one state is sometimes most easily recalled when we are in that state again

A

state-dependent memory

41
Q

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

A

mood-congruent memory

42
Q

inattention to details produces encoding failure

A

absent-mindedness

43
Q

storage decay over time

A

transience

44
Q

inaccessibility of stored information

A

blocking

45
Q

confusing the source of information

A

misattribution

46
Q

the lingering effects of misinformation

A

suggestibility

47
Q

belief-colored recollections

A

bias

48
Q

unwanted memories

A

persistence

49
Q

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

proactive interference

50
Q

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

A

retroactive interference

51
Q

old information can facilitate our learning of new information

A

positive transfer

52
Q

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

A

repression

53
Q

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

A

misinformation effect

54
Q

more likely to think they had actually done such things the first time

A

imagination inflation

55
Q

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, hear about, read about, or imagined; at the heart of many false memories

A

source amnesia (source misattribution)