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Pathology II > Chapter 9 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Aneurysm

A

Dilation of vascular wall

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1
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Dissection

A

Passage of blood through layers of wall

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3
Q

Thrombosis

A

Blood clot in a vessel

Ex. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)–>leg, thigh, or pelvis

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4
Q

Variscosity

A

Dilation of a vein

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5
Q

Lumen

A

The open interior of a vessel

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6
Q

Vascular structure

A
  • Smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary)
  • Lined by endothelial cells
  • Arterial walls thicker than veins
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7
Q

Vascular layers

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
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8
Q

Tunica Intima

A
  • Endothelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

- Internal elastic lamina

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9
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • Smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

- External elastic lamina

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10
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A
  • Elastic fibers

- Nerves, CT, vessels

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11
Q

How does the interior of the vessel wall (intima & internal media) receive a blood supply?

A

Diffusion from the lumen

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12
Q

How does the external vessel wall (adventitia & external media) receive a blood supply?

A

Vasa Vasorum

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13
Q

Vascular Pathway

A
  1. Large elastic arteries
  2. Medium muscular arteries
  3. Small arteries
  4. Arterioles
  5. Capillary beds
  6. Postcapillary venules
  7. Collecting venules
  8. Progressively larger veins
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14
Q

Veins have ______ pressure

A

Low

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15
Q

Arteries have ________ pressure

A

High

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16
Q

Where does gas and nutrient exchange occur?

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

T/F: All vessels may spread disease

A

True

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18
Q

Characteristics of veins

A
  • Larger lumen
  • Thinner walls
  • Low pressure
  • Prone to dilation/compression
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19
Q

Characteristics of lymphatic vessels

A
  • Thin walls
  • Lined with endothelial cells
  • Drain interstitial fluid
  • Continuous monitoring
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20
Q

Characteristics of endothelial cells

A
  • Non-thrombogenic interface
  • Regulate vasoreactivity (NO, Endothelin)
  • Regulate cells growth (smooth m. cells)
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21
Q

T/F: Endothelial activation is pro-inflammatory

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: Vascular anomalies are ALWAYS symptomatic

A

False: they’re RARELY symptomatic

*relevant during surgery

23
Q

What is a dilation of cerebral vessels called?

A 
Berry aneurysm (congenital anomaly)
Rupture-->Subdural hemorrhage
24
Q

Arteriovenous Fistula

A
  • Connection of arterial and venous systems
  • Bypasses capillaries
  • Congenital anomaly
25
Q

Local thickening of medium/large artery walls is called ___________

A
  • Fibromuscular dysplasia (congenital anomaly)
  • Non-atherosclerotic
  • Non-inflammatory
  • MC in young adult females
26
Q

Name the congenital anomalies of vessels

A
  1. Berry aneurysm
  2. Arteriovenous fistula
  3. Fibromuscluar Dysplasia
27
Q

Blood pressure is regulated by ___________ & ___________

A

Cardiac output (HR+Stroke volume) & Vascular resistance

28
Q

Vascular tone and blood volume is maintained by ______, ______, and ________

A
  1. Kidneys: Sodium, renin-angiotensin system
  2. Adrenals: Aldosterone
  3. Heart: Atrial natriurtetic peptide (ANP)
29
Q

An increase in blood pressure causes:

A
  • The heart to stretch
  • Release of Atrial natriuretic peptide
  • Reduced sodium resorption
  • Vasodilation
30
Q

A decrease in blood pressure causes:

A
  • Activation of the Renin-angiotensin system
  • Sodium resorption (increases blood volume)
  • Vasoconstriction
31
Q

Name two types of BP medications:

A
  1. ACE inhibitors (block angiotensis II receptors)
  2. Diurestics (“water pill”)

ACE=Angiotensin converting enzyme

32
Q

What does the Renin-Angiotensin system do?

A
  • Increases Na reabsorption
  • Increases Cardiac output
  • Uses Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increases blood pressure
33
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be low (hypotension)?

A

Less than 90/160

34
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be normal (normotensive)?

A

Less than 120/80

35
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be prehypertension?

A

120-139/80-89

36
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be stage I hypertension?

A

140-159/90-99

37
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be stage II hypertension?

A

Greater than 160/100

38
Q

What blood pressure is considered to be malignant hypertension?

A

Greater than 200/120

39
Q

T/F: Without treatment, 50% of hypertension patients die ischemic heart disease (MI) or congestive heart failure

A

True

40
Q

Without treatment, 1/3 of hypertension patients die of ______

A

Stroke

41
Q

What percentage of adults in the U.S. have hypertension?

A

25%

42
Q

____% of all HTN cases are considered malignant

A

5%

43
Q

T/F: Blood pressure of >200/120 is lethal within 1-2 years

A

True

Renal failure or Retinal hemorrhage (papilledema)

44
Q

What are the vascular wall responses to injury?

A
  1. Endothelial injury/dysfunction
  2. Smooth muscle cell recruitment
  3. Growth of smooth m. cells & ECM
  4. Irreversible intimal thickening (vessel stenosis)
45
Q

T/F: Aging is associated with intimal thickening and vessel stenosis

A

False: Aging is associated with intimal thickening, but NOT vessel stenosis

46
Q

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A
  • Arteriole reaction to HTN
  • Benign hypertension
  • Prolonged DM
  • Luminal narrowing
  • Pink hyaline
  • Increased ECM
47
Q

Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis

A
  • Arteriole reaction to HTN
  • Severe hypertension
  • Luminal narrowing
  • Onion skinning appearance
  • Kidneys are most sensitive
48
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A
  • Hardening of arteries
  • Arterial thickening
  • Decreased elasticity
49
Q

What are the types of arteriosclerosis?

A
  1. AterioLOsclerosis
  2. Monckenberg medial sclerosis
  3. Atherosclerosis *MC
50
Q

Arteriolosclerosis

A
  • Arteriosclerosis of small arteries and veins

- Possible ischemic injury (diabetes, HTN)

51
Q

Monckenberg Medial Sclerosis

A
  • Ca within arteries
  • No stenosis
  • Not clinically significant
  • MC >50 years
52
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • MC
  • Atheroma (plaque)
  • Stenosis
  • Weakens vessel walls—>aneurysm
  • Ruptured plaque–>thrombosis
  • Heart, brain, intestines, kidneys, legs
53
Q

T/F: Atherosclerosis is the #1 cause of morbidity in the U.S.

A

True

54
Q

Atheroma

A
  • Plaques that build up on the vessel wall
  • Protrude into the lumen (decrease flow, vascular stenosis)
  • Prone to rupture (massive thrombosis)
  • Weaken the tunica media (risk for aneurism)

Pathology II (4 decks)

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