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Flashcards in Chemistry Deck (174)
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1
Q

process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons

A

oxidation

2
Q

process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons

A

reduction

3
Q

replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

carboxylation

4
Q

substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

5
Q

inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached

A

pro-enzyme

6
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group

A

carboxylase

7
Q

removal of the carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

decarboxylation

8
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds

A

decarboxylase

9
Q

reaction that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base

A

hydrolysis

10
Q

enzyme that causes hydrolysis

A

hydrolase

11
Q

movement of a phosphate (PO4) from one molecule to another

A

phosphorylation

12
Q

enzyme which adds a phosphate to an organic compound

A

phosphorylase

13
Q

enzyme that removes a phosphate from an organic compound

A

phosphatase

14
Q

enzyme that adds a high-energy phosphate to an organic compound

A

kinase

15
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another

A

transferase

16
Q

enzyme that makes an isomer (same chemical composition)

A

isomerase

17
Q

molecule with the same composition but different chemical structure

A

isomer

18
Q

isomerase enzyme which changes the configuration of a molecule

A

mutase

19
Q

number of factors that affect enzyme activity

A

three [3]

20
Q

temperature, pH, and concentration of the substrate

A

affect enzyme activity

21
Q

maximum velocity of a reaction

A

Vmax

22
Q

the amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax

A

Km

23
Q

a substance which slows down the rate of an enzyme reaction

A

inhibitor

24
Q

competition and allosterism

A

enzymatic regulation

25
Q

actively competes with substrate for the active site

A

competition

26
Q

change in activity by acting on a site other than the active site

A

allosterism

27
Q

chemical bond between two amino acids

A

peptide bond

28
Q

chemical bond between the base bases found in DNA

A

hydrogen bond

29
Q

chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

ester bond

30
Q

chemical bond between two sugars

A

glycosidic bind

31
Q

chemical bond between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

32
Q

site of all pathways except the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle

A

cystosol

33
Q

site of the Krebs cycle and 1st half of the urea cycle

A

mitochondria

34
Q

amylose and amylopectin

A

constituents of starch

35
Q

long, unbranched chain of glucose linked at C1 and C4 [alpha1, 4 linked]

A

amylose

36
Q

fewer branches of glucose with alpha1, 4 and 1, 6 linked branches

A

amylopectin

37
Q

comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit

A

sucrose

38
Q

contains galactose linked to glucose; found in milk; beta1, 4 link

A

lactose

39
Q

form in which glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver

A

glycogen

40
Q

aldopentose [5 carbon] sugar

A

ribose

41
Q

ketohexose [6 carbon] sugar

A

fructose

42
Q

crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes

A

rate limiting step

43
Q

the most important rate limiting step in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase

44
Q

steps in glycolysis at which ATP is used

A

steps 1 and 3

45
Q

steps in glycolysis at which ATP is produced

A

steps 7 and 10

46
Q

step in glycolysis at which NADH is produced

A

step 6

47
Q

number of pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

two [2]

48
Q

converted to acetyl CoA

A

main fate of pyruvate

49
Q

alternate fates of pyruvate

A

lactate and alanine

50
Q

number of carbon molecules in pyruvate

A

3

51
Q

number of carbon molecules in acetoacetate

A

2

52
Q

making glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, fatty and amino acids

A

gluconeogenesis

53
Q

irreversible steps in glycolysis that are replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

steps 1, 3, and 10

54
Q

location of gluconeogenesis

A

mitochondria/cytoplasm

55
Q

lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to glucose

A

sequence of events

56
Q

vitamin def. which results in excess lactic acid production

A

biotin def.

57
Q

rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

F 1,6 bisphosphatase

58
Q

hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

59
Q

location of krebs cycle

A

mitochondrial matrix

60
Q

steps in the krebs cycle at which NADH is produced

A

steps 3+4=7

61
Q

type of enzyme which facilitates the production of NADH

A

dehydrogenase

62
Q

destination of the energy harvested from the krebs cycle

A

electron transport chain

63
Q

number of ATPs generated from 1 NADH

A

3 ATP

64
Q

number of ATPs generated from 1 FADH2

A

2 ATP

65
Q

number of NADH, FADH2, and GTP generated by one krebs cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

66
Q

number of krebs cycles to completely break down 1 glucose

A

2

67
Q

number of ATP produced from breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis

A

4 ATP

68
Q

number of NADH produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2 NADH

69
Q

net ATP gain from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

70
Q

number of NADH produced by converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

1

71
Q

total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose

A

38 ATP

72
Q

alternate fuel types for the krebs cycle

A

proteins and fat

73
Q

Succinyl CoA, Ocaloacetate, Fumerate, and Alpha-ketoglutarate

A

sites proteins enter

SOFA

74
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate and Succinyl CoA

A

sites fats can enter

75
Q

electron transport chain (ETC) is found in the

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

76
Q

role of electron transport chain

A

transfer electrons to O2

77
Q

compound which has both reduce and oxidized form of a molecule

A

redox pair

78
Q

redox pair example

A

NAD (oxidized) and NADH (reduced)

79
Q

drop off point for NADH in the ETC

A

complex I

80
Q

drop off point for FADH2 in the ETC

A

complex II

81
Q

alternate name for CoQ 10

A

ubiquinone

82
Q

heme containing compounds that receive electrons from CoQH2

A

cytochromes

83
Q

ETC complexes involving cytochromes

A

complex III and IV

84
Q

ETC complex involving phosphorylation

A

complex V

85
Q

other metal which is important to the ETC

A

copper

86
Q

cycle used to prevent lactic acidosis (lactic acid buildup)

A

cori cycle

87
Q

purpose of the Hexose MonoPhosphate shunt along the ribose

A

produces NADPH

88
Q

location of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka HMP shunt)

A

cytosol

89
Q

rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

G63P dehydrogenase

90
Q

site of glycogen metabolism

A

cytosol

91
Q

starter or primer molecule for glycogen synthesis

A

glycogenin

92
Q

compound containing a 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugar in glycogenesis

A

UDPG

93
Q

rate limiting enzyme used to lengthen the glycogen chain

A

glycogen synthase

94
Q

type of chemical bonds between glucose molecules; alpha1,4 and alpha1,6 links

A

glycosidic bond

95
Q

rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis, activated by ATP

A

glycogen phosphorylase

96
Q

site for glycogenolysis

A

heart, liver, and muscle

97
Q

name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P

A

phosphoglucomutase

98
Q

group consisting of carbon with oxygen and hydroxyl attached

A

carboxyl group

99
Q

one with no double bond between the carbon atoms (C-C)

A

saturated fatty acid

100
Q

one with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

A

unsaturated fatty acid

101
Q

linoleic acid (vegetable oil) and linolenic acid (fish oil)

A

essential fatty acids

102
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid - 18:2 (9,12)

A

oleic acid

103
Q

mono-unsaturated fatty acid [MUFA] - 18:1 (9)

A

linoleic acid

104
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid - 20:4 (5,8,11,14)

A

arachidonic acid

105
Q

location of lipolysis

A

mitochondria

106
Q

site of lipogenesis

A

cytosol

107
Q

rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins

A

HMG CoA reductase

108
Q

starting point for steroid hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol

109
Q

essential amino acids

A

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met (His and Arg during pregnancy), Leu, and Lys

110
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

Asn, Gly, Glu, Cys, Ala, Pro, Ser, Try, Asp, and Gln

111
Q

cyclic amino acid

A

proline (Pro)

112
Q

aromatic amino acids

A

phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr), and Tryptophan (Trp)

113
Q

basic amino acids

A

Histidine (His), Arginine (Arg), and Lysine (Lys)

114
Q

acid amino aids

A

asparagine (Asn), aspartate (Asp), glutamine (Gln), and glutamate (Glu)

115
Q

sulfur-containing amino acids

A

cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr)

116
Q

alanine [Ala}, glycine [Gly], isoleucine [Ile], leucine [Leu], and valine [Val]

A

aliphatic amino acids

117
Q

removal of the amine NH2 group

A

deamination

118
Q

source of nitrogen for the urea cycle

A

glutamate and alanine

119
Q

substrates for urea formation

A

NH3 and CO2

120
Q

1st 2 steps in the mitochondria; rest in the cytoplasm

A

site of urea cycle

121
Q

rate-limiting enzyme in the urea cycle

A

carbomoyl PO4 synthase

122
Q

purine or pyrimidine base PLUS pentose [5-carbon] sugar

A

nucleoside

123
Q

purine or pyrimidine base PLUS pentose sugar and phosphate

A

nucleotide

124
Q

adenine and guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

purine bases

125
Q

cytosine, uracil, thymine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

pyrimidine bases

126
Q

adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine; adenine and uracil

A

base pairs

127
Q

nucleoside formed by combining uracil and d-ribose

A

uridine

128
Q

enzyme which converts xanthine into uric acid

A

xanthine oxidase

129
Q

process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA

A

transcription

130
Q

process by which RNA codon begins to make an protein [AUG or GUG]

A

translation

131
Q

arginine is made from which amino acid

A

glutamine

132
Q

glutamine, arginine and proline are all made from which amino acid

A

glutamate

133
Q

glutamate is made from which amino acid

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

134
Q

asparagine is made from which amino acid

A

aspartate

135
Q

transamination of oxaloacetate

A

source of aspartate

136
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

137
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

138
Q

anti-oxidants

A

Vit A C E and selenium

139
Q

used to make rhodopsin, helps in the differentiation of epithelial tissue

A

vit A

140
Q

used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors

A

vit K

141
Q

powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant

A

vit E

142
Q

cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

vit B1 [thiamine]

143
Q

precursor for FMN, FAD, and FADH2 in the ETC and redox reactions

A

vit B2 [riboflavin]

144
Q

precursor for NAD and NADP in the ETC

A

vit B3 [niacin]

145
Q

precursor for removal of CO2 [decarboxylase] in the Krebs cycle

A

vit B3 [niacin]

146
Q

acyl carrier as part of Coenzyme A; Pantene Pro V [V=five]

A

vit B5 [pantothenic acid]

147
Q

cofactor for several transaminase reactions

A

vit B6 [pyridoxine]

148
Q

used in carboxylation reactions

A

vit B7 [biotin]

149
Q

used in reactions involving malonyl and methylmalonyl CoA

A

vit B7 [biotin]

150
Q

used in the transfer of 1-carbon units and make methionine and purines

A

vit B9 [folic acid]

151
Q

cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture

A

vit B12 [cobalamine]

152
Q

cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen

A

vit C [ascorbic acid]

153
Q

necessary in the ETC and found in prunes

A

copper

154
Q

cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat, and whole grain

A

zinc

155
Q

forms complexes with ATP and found abundantly in nuts

A

magnesium

156
Q

helps with glucose transport of oxygen and energy formation

A

chromium

157
Q

necessary for the tranpsort of oxygen and energy formation

A

iron

158
Q

def in vit C

A

scurvy

159
Q

def in vit A

A

night blindness

160
Q

def in vit B1

A

beriberi

161
Q

def in vit B3

A

pellagra

162
Q

def in vit B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor (IF)

A

pernicious anemia

163
Q

def in vit D

A

rickets and osteomalacia

164
Q

def in vit B9 [folic acid]

A

macrocytic anemia

165
Q

def in B7 [biotine]

A

lactic acidosis

166
Q

def of vit E

A

hemolytic anemia

167
Q

def of vit K

A

prolonged bleeding

168
Q

type of anemia seen with def in iron

A

microcytic/hypochromic

169
Q

def in calcium, positive Chvostek sign

A

tetany

170
Q

true vegans need to supplement

A

calcium and vit B12

171
Q

skin rash in pellagra; vit B3 def

A

casal’s necklace

172
Q

syndrome of amnesia and lying; vit B1 def

A

wernicke korsakoff

173
Q

vit B2 def

A

magenta tongue

174
Q

vit B12 def

A

sore beef-red tongue