Birth to 2 months old
newborn
0 to 1 year old
Infant
1-28 days old
Neonatal
29 days - 1 year old
postneonatal
1-2 years old
Toddler
2+ years old
Child
What is used to assess neurologic recovery from birth and immediate adaption to extrauterine life?
APGAR Score
At what point (time) is the APGAR score done at?
1 AND 5 minutes after birth
What does APGAR stand for?
A - Activity (muscle tone) P - Pulse (HR) G - Grimace (Reflex irritablity) A - Appearance (color) R - Respirations (respiratory effort)
What is the grading scale for APGAR scoring system?
0 (absent) to 2 (good)
What is the total scoring scale interpretations for the APGAR score at 1 minute?
8-10 = normal 5-7 = some nervous system depression 0-4 = Severe depression, requiring immediate resuscitation
What is the total scoring scale interpretations for the APGAR score at 5 minutes?
8-10 = normal 0-7 = High risk for subsequent CNS and other organ system dysfunction
What is the Ballard scoring system?
Estimates gestational age based on specific neuromuscular signs and physical characteristics
At what weeks gestation is Term according to Ballard scoring system?
37-42 weeks
What are Preterm and AGA (Appropriate for gestational age) infants more prone to have/develop?
- respiratory distress
- apnea
- patent ductus arteriosus
- infection
What ate LGA (Larger for gestational age) infants more prone to experience/develop?
- difficulties during birth
- present with metabolic abnormalites shortly after birth
- Risk factor for maternal diabetes
In what position do normal term newborns lie in?
symmetric position, limbs semiflexed and the legs partially abducted at hip
T/F the fingers of normal term newborns are usually flexed in a tight fist?
true
Where is the apical pulse located?
3rd - 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line
Where is the femoral pulse taken?
point halfway b/w pubic tubercle and ASIS
What is the normal range of HB per minute for:
- newborn
- 1 y/o
- 3 y/o
- 6 y/o
- 10 y/o
- 120 -170 bpm
- 80 - 160 bpm
- 80 - 160 bpm
- 75 - 115 bpm
- 70 - 110 bpm
In infants does the abdomen or chest rise and fall during inspiration?
Abdomen
In children does the abdomen or chest rise and fall during inspiration?
chest
What is the normal range or respirations per minute for:
- newborn
- 1 y/o
- 3 y/o
- 6 y/o
- 10 y/o
- 30 -60 rpm
- 20 -40 rpm
- 20 - 30 rpm
- 16 - 22 rpm
- 16 - 20 rpm
What technique is used on infants to take BP?
Flush technique
At what age is BP measured the same way as an adult?
2 y/o
How do you make sure you are using the correct cuff size while taking BP?
Width should cover 2/3 of the upper arm
What is the consequence of having a BP cuff that is too wide?
underestimate BP
What is the consequence of having a BP cuff that is too narrow?
artificially high BP
Axillary temperatures correlate well with core temp in what age?
infants
Tympanic thermometers must read tympanic membrane which shares blood with what?
hypothalamus
*How often should a head circumference measurement be taken?
Every health visit
Where do you measure for head circumference
at the largest circumference, Occipital protuberance to the supraorbital prominence
Where do you measure for chest circumference?
around the nipple line to the nearest 1/8 in or .5 cm
What is the avg. weight at birth?
5 lbs 8 oz- 8 lbs 13 oz
What is the avg. length at birth?
18-22 in
What is the avg. head circumference at birth?
13 - 14 in
Most babies born to the same parents weigh within how many ounces of each other at birth?
6 oz
Length increases by what percent in the 1st year of life?
50%
How much does weight increase from birth to 6 months?
Doubles
How much does weight increase from birth to the 1st year?
Triples
At what point after birth should the chest exceed head circumference?
> 2 years old
What part of the body grows the most during infancy?
Trunk
What body part is the fastest growing during childhood?
legs
What part of the body elongates during adolescence?
Trunk and legs
Skeletal mass and organ systems double in size during what part of life?
adolescence
What is the DDx if a patient’s head circumference increases rapidly or rises above percentile curves?
think inc. intracranial pressure, HYDROCEPHALUS
What is the DDx if a patient’s head circumference grows slowly or falls off percentile curves?
Microcephaly or craniosynostosis
Short stature Webbed neck, low hairline, shield chest, widespread nipples, and lymphedema are all signs of what?
Turner syndrome
Microcephaly, short stature, low hairline, long curly eyelashes, arched, confluent eyebrows, upturned nose, downward turned angles of mouth, excess body hair, bilateral clinodactyly, single simian crease, and decreased visual acuity are all signs of what
Cornelia de Lange syndrome