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1
Q

Harsh pan-systolic murmur, loudest at the lower left sternal edge and inaudible at the apex. The apex is not displaced. It does not intensify on inspiration

A

Ventricular septal defect

2
Q

Soft late systolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the axilla

A

Mitral valve prolapse

(late systolic murmurs resemble mitral incompetence)

There may also be a systolic click

3
Q

Possible reason for systolic click?

A

Mitral incompetence

4
Q

Slow-rising pulse and heaving apex (apex not displaced)

Ejection systolic murmur best hears at the right second interspace that does not radiate

A

Aortic stenosis

5
Q

The pulse is regular and jerky in character. The cardiac impulse is hyperdynamic and not displaced.
There is a mid-systolic murmur with no ejection click, loudest at the left sternal edge

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

6
Q

Constant “machinery-like” murmur throughout systole and diastole

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

7
Q

Tented T waves on ECG?

A

Hyperkaelemia

hyperkaelemia impairs cardiac conduction

8
Q

You can investigate arrhythmias with an electrophysiological study, what is this?

A

This is when you induce a clinical arrhythmia to study mechanism and map pathway

-Also gives the opportunity to treat the arrhythmia by radiofrequency ablation

9
Q

Why would you carry out an exercise ECG?

A

To assess for ischemia

Exercise induced arrhythmia

10
Q

How would you check for paroxysmal arrhythmia?

A

To assess for paroxysmal arrhythmia

11
Q

Side effects of statins?

A

Myalgias, myositis and deranged liver function tests

12
Q

Side effects of amiodarone?

A

Hepatic/pulmonary fibrosis
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Blue-grey photosensitivity rash

13
Q

Side effects of GTN?

A

Headaches and hypotension

14
Q

Loud S1 with opening snap
Palpable S1
Rumbling low pitched diastolic murmur

A

Mitral stenosis

15
Q

A 72 year old woman with an acute ischaemic stroke has ST elevation on her electrocardiogram. There is a past medical history of MI

A

Left ventricular aneurysm

16
Q

Retinal haemorrhages that are usually caused by an immune complex vasculitis and are most commonly seen in bacterial endocarditis

A

Roth’s spots

17
Q

ECG yellow electrode

A

Left arm

18
Q

Which ECG electrode should be put on bony prominence on left side of abdomen or left leg?

A

Green

19
Q

Which ECG electrode should be placed on bony prominence on the right arm/shoulder?

A

Red

20
Q

Risks of RIPE aneurysm

A

Rupture
Infection (of thrombus)
Pressure effects on neighbouring structures
Emboli of thrombi to lower limb

21
Q
Cardiac abnormalities
Thymoma
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
22nd chromosome
A

DiGeorge syndrome

22
Q

Raised J waves

A

Hypothermia

23
Q

Loud P2

A

Pulmonary hypertension

24
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome is associated with

A

PDA
Atrial septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis

25
Q

Marfan syndrome is associated with

A

Aortic root dilaration (causing aortic regurgitation)
Mitral valve proplapse
Mitral regurgitation

26
Q

Turner syndrome is associated with

A

Coarction of the aorta

27
Q

When and how does Tetralogy of Fallot usually present?

A

Prevents with cyanotic episodes usually at 1-2 months

28
Q

Why should you not use rate-limiting Ca channel blockers and beta blockers together?

A

May cause severe AV block and hypotension

29
Q

Opens into the left posterior aortic sinus

A

Left coronary artery

30
Q

Opens into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

31
Q

Commonly associated with the atrioventricular groove

A

Right coronary artery

32
Q

Supplies the AV node

A

Posterior interventricular artery

33
Q

Supplies the apex of the heart

A

Anterior interventricular artery

34
Q

Most common cause of aortic stenosis

A

Calcification of congenital bicuspid valve