Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause loss of smell

A
damage to CN I olfactory:
head injury
tumours 
parkinsons
seizures
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2
Q

upper quadrantinopia indicates a problem in

A

temporal lobe

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3
Q

lower quadrantinopia indicates a problem in

A

parietal lobe

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4
Q

where is problem if homonymous hemianopia

A

optic tract (after chiasm)

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5
Q

common cause of homonymous hemianopia

A

posterior cerebral artery infarct

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6
Q

what do retinal/local eye lesions cause

A

scotoma (blind spot)

peripheral vision loss (‘tunnel vision’)

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7
Q

hallmark of optic nerve lesion

A

unilateral visual loss
central or paracentral scotoma
loss of papillary light reflex

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8
Q

what part of autonomic nervous system causes pupil dilatation

A

sympathetic

‘running in the dark’

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9
Q

what part of autonomic nervous system causes pupil constriction

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

what nerve causes pupillary constriction

A

short ciliary nerve

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11
Q

what is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

A

unilateral/bilateral optic nerve neuropathy developing over several weeks in young healthy men

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12
Q

mode of inheritance of leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

A

mitochondrial DNA mutations

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13
Q

optic disc pallor

A

optic atrophy

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14
Q

causes of optic atrophy

A

nerve infarction follows papilloedema inflammation (MS, syphilis, LHON)

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15
Q

clinical manifestations of pupillary defect

A

illuminated pupil not reacting to light

loss of contralateral consensual reflex

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16
Q

Triad of:
unilateral pupillary constriction
ptosis + enophthalmosis (sunken eye)
ipsilateral anhidrosis (loss of sweating)

A

horner’s syndrome - interruption of sympathetic supply in face

17
Q

causes of horner’s syndrome

A

demyelination
vascular disease
tumour

18
Q

what does diplopia indicate

A

weakness to one or more extraocular muscles

19
Q

signs of CN III nerve palsy

A

unilateral complete ptosis
eye facing DOWN and OUT
fixed, dilated pupil (if pupil spared, parasympathetics not affected)

20
Q

signs of CN IV nerve palsy

A

supplies superior oblique muscle
torsional diplopia when attempting to look down (descending stairs)
head tilted away form that side

21
Q

signs of CN VI palsy

A

supplies lateral rectus

convergent squint with diplopia when looking to the side of the lesion

22
Q

sign of CN V lesion

A

diminution of corneal reflex (don’t blink when eye touched)
unilateral sensory loss to face, toungue
jaw deviates to side of lesion as mouth opens

23
Q

paroxysms of knife like/electric shock pain lasting seconds and triggered by touch (washing, shaving, cold wind, eating)

A

trigeminal neuralgia

24
Q

treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

A

carbamazepine

25
Q

signs of UMN lesion of facial nerve

A

weakness on lower part of face on opposite side (forehead spared)

26
Q

signs of LMN lesion of fcial nerve

A

ipsilateral weakness of all facial expression muscles

27
Q

most common cause of CN VII nerve palsy

A

Bell’s palsy

28
Q

other causes of CN VII nerve palsy

A
trauma 
otitis media 
ramsay-hunt syndrome (herpes zoster)
brain stem lesion
acoustic neuroma 
parotid tumours
29
Q

bell’s palsy is acute/chronic

A

acute

30
Q

what virus is associated with bell’s palsy

A

herpes simplex

31
Q

treatment of bell’s palsy

A
steroids within 72 hours onset
protect eye (dark glasses, artificial tears)
32
Q

hallmark of ramsay-hunt syndrome

A

painful vesicular rash on auditory canal, pinna, tongue, palate or iris

33
Q

treatment for ramsay-hunt syndrome

A

prednisolone (if <72 hours onset)

acyclovir

34
Q

nystagmus on performing hallpike manoeuvre

A

benign positional vertigo

35
Q

Meniere’s disease clinical manifestations

A

vertigo >20mins (possible nausea/vomiting)
sensorineural hearing loss
tinnitus

36
Q

what drugs can cause vertigo and hearing loss

A

gentamycin
furosemide
cisplatin

37
Q

in hypoglossal lesion, tongue deviates towards/away from lesion

A

towards