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Cranial nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

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2
Q

Olfactory nerve is the only sensory modality that does not synapse in the thalamus, true or false

A

true

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3
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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4
Q

What sensory neurons pick sense olfaction

A

bipolar neurons

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5
Q

What type of nuclei are motor components associated with

A

motor nuclei

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6
Q

What type of nuclei are sensory components associated with

A

sensory nuclei

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7
Q

Where are the nuclei of CN 3, 4, 6 and 12 found

A

midline

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8
Q

Oculomotor nerve: what is the nucleus for the somatic motor modality

A

nucleus of oculomotor nerve

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9
Q

Oculomotor nerve: what is the nucleus for parasympathetics

A

Edinger-Westphal EW nucleus

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10
Q

Where are the CN 3 nuclei found

A

superior colliculus in midbrain

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11
Q

What is the nucleus for the trochlear nerve - somatic motor

A

nucleus of trochlear nerve

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12
Q

Where is the nucleus of trochlear nerve found

A

inferior colliculus in midbrain

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13
Q

what nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve

A

mesencephalic nucleus
principle sensory nucleus
spinal nucleus
motor nucleus of CN V

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14
Q

Where are the trigeminal nuclei found

A

pons

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15
Q

What nucleus is associated with the abducens nerve - somatic motor

A

nucleus of abducent nerve

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16
Q

Where is the CN VI nucleus found

A

pons

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17
Q

What is the nucleus associated with the hypoglossal nerve

A

nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve

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18
Q

where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve found

A

medulla

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19
Q

What are the nuclei for the facial nerve:
motor
sensory
parasympathetic

A 
motor = nucleus of facial nerve
sensory = geniculuate nucleus/solitary tract
parasympathetic = superior salivatory nucleus
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20
Q 
What are the nuclei for the glossopharyngeal nerve:
sensory 
special sensory - taste
parasympathetic 
motor
A 
sensory = spinal trigeminal nucleus
taste = solitary tract nucleus 
parasympathetic = inferior salivatory nucleus 
motor = nucleus ambiguus
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21
Q 
What are the nuclei of the vagus nerve:
sensory 
taste (epiglottis - negligible)
parasympathetic
motor
A 
sensory = spinal trigeminal nucleus 
taste = solitary tract nucleus 
parasympathetic = dorsal motor nucleus 
motor = nucleus ambiguus
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22
Q

Which cranial nerves share the solitary tract nucleus and what is the main function and where is it found

A

CN VII, IX, X
Taste
Medulla

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23
Q

Which cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus and where is it found

A

CN IX + X

Medulla

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24
Q

Which cranial nerves share the salivatory nuclei

A

facial (superior)

glossopharyngeal (inferior)

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25
Sensory modalities of which cranial nerves share the spinal trigeminal nucleus
trigeminal glossopharyngeal vagus
26
What is meant by brain death
irreversible cessation of brainstem function
27
What is the corticobulbar tract
part of the pyramidal/descending tract that is motor output for cranial nerves 5, 7, 10, 12 ie regulation of brainstem activity
28
input to the corticobulbar tract is bilateral, what is the exception
input to the facial nucleus is only bilateral to muscles that control the upper face only
29
What is the input for parasympathetic CN 3, 7, 9, 10
hypothalamus
30
What is the reticular formation
network of loosely aggregated cells in the central core of the brainstem
31
What are the functions of the reticular formation
``` integrate CN reflexes conduction and modulation of pain voluntary movement autonomic activity respiration sleep maintains consciousness ```
32
What is the pathway of the olfactory nerve
olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity cribriform plate of ethmoid bone olfactory bulb cerebral cortex
33
What is the pathway of the oculomotor nerve
midbrain lateral to cavernous sinus superior orbital fissure orbit + ciliary ganglion
34
What is the pathway of the trochlear nerve
midbrain lateral wall of cavernous sinus superior orbital fissure superior oblique muscle
35
What is the pathway of the abducent nerve
pontomedullary junction WITHIN the cavernous sinus superior orbital fissure Lateral rectus muscle
36
Which cranial nerve travels within the cavernous sinus
CN VI
37
What is the pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve
cochlear and vestibular apparatus internal acoustic meatus towards PMJ pontomedullary junction
38
What is the pathway of the spinal accessory nerve
cervical spinal cord enters foramen magnum exits jugular foramen supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
39
What is the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve
medulla oblongata anterior to hypoglossal canal hypoglossal canal descends lateral to the carotid sheath and goes to supply the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone
40
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue does CN XII NOT supply
palatoglossus - supplied by CN X
41
Where in the brainstem does CN V originate
pons | travels inferior to the tentorium cerebelli
42
What are the cranial formainae for CN V1 CN V2 CN V3
1. superior orbital fissure 2. foramen rotundum 3. foramen ovale
43
What is the pathway of the facial nerve
pontomedullary junction internal acoustic meatus muscles of facial expression, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
44
What supplies taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue
chorda tympani of facial nerve
45
In Bells palsy, is taste preserved?
yes, taste is still fine because chorda tympani has already branched off
46
Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull
stylomastoid foramen
47
What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve
medulla oblongata jugular foramen descends towards pharynx and mouth
48
Which salivary gland does CN IX innervate
parotid gland
49
What is the pathway of the vagus nerve
medulla oblongata jugular foramen descends in carotid sheath, supplies from palate to midgut, gives of RLN branches
50
Auditory pathway is bilateral, true or false
true
51
Describe the auditory pathway (ECOLI)
``` Eighth cranial nerve Cochlear nuclei (pons) superior Olivary nucleus (pons) Lateral lemniscus Inferior colliculus (midbrain) medial geniculate body thalamus auditory cortex ```
52
What is the lateral lemniscus in the auditory pathway
band of white matter carrying auditory information
53
What is the trapezoid body in the auditory pathway
carries information from the cochlear nucleus in the pons on one side of the body to the superior olivary nucleus on the other side
54
Where is the primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
55
Tonotopic organisation is present in the auditory cortex, true or false
true
56
Where is Broca's area found
left cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobe
57
Where is Wernicke's area found
left cerebral hemisphere in the temporal lobe
58
Damage to the Broca's area results in what
Broca's/expressive aphasia difficulty in speech production language comprehension is in tact
59
Damage to the Wernicke's area results in what
Wernicke's/receptive aphasia difficulty in language comprehension speech production is in tact
60
where do the 4 vestibular nuclei connect to
thalamus medial longitudinal fasciculus + CN 3,4,6 nuclei cerebellum spinal cord
61
What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus
tract in brainstem which coordinates eye movements with head and neck movements
62
Where is the highest level of visual acuity found in the retina
fovea centralis in the macula
63
medial geniculate nucleus | auditory or visual
auditory
64
lateral geniculate nucleus | auditory or visual
visual
65
Describe the visual pathway
``` visual fields retinal fields optic nerves optic chiasm optic tracts (superior colliculi for reflexes) lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus optic radiations primary visual cortex in the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe ```
66
The lower visual field is projected to the gyrus superior/inferior to the calcarine sulcus
superior
67
The upper visual field is projected to the gyrus superior/inferior to the calcarine sulcus
inferior
68
What are optic radiations also known as
geniculocalcarine tracts
69
What is Meyer's loop
fibres of the optic radiations that are part of the internal capsule that come from the upper visual field / lower retinal fields which loop around the temporal part of the lateral ventricles ending below the calcarine sulcus
70
fibres from upper/lower visual fields are found in Meyer's loop
upper visual fields | lower retinal fields
71
what movements does the visual cortex (occipital lobe) provide
movements in response to visual stimuli eg tracking moving objects smooth eye movement
72
what movements do the frontal eye fields control
movements of command ie independent of moving visual stimuli | jerky eye movements
73
Where are frontal eye fields found
motor cortex
74
What are the visual reflexes
pupillary light reflex | accommodation reflex
75
What does the pupillary light reflex look for
direct and consensual pupillary constriction | unilateral stimulus provides a bilateral response
76
What nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex
optic nerve = afferent | oculomotor nerve = efferent
77
What is the accommodation reflex
looks for convergence, pupillary constriction and ciliary muscle contraction tests CN III - EW nucleus
78
List some white matter tracts of the brain
association fibres commissural fibres projection fibres
79
What are association fibres
connect cortical sites lying in the same cerebral hemisphere
80
What are commissural fibres
connect one cerebral hemisphere with the other - usually those with similar functions
81
What are projection fibres
fibres that connect cerebral hemispheres to deeper structures eg thalamus, corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

Neurology (25 decks)

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