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Histology and Embryology > Cytoplasm Lecture > Flashcards

Cytoplasm Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Is the cell a bag of cytoplasm?

A

NO

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Skeleton + muscle of cells

Protein polymers -> shape + motility of cells

COMPOSED-> microtubules, microfilaments (Actin), intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Tubulin dimers of alpha-tubulin + beta-tubulin (tubulin is GTPase)

  • Hollow w/ diameter of 24 nm
  • MAPS (MT associated proteins) stabilize

HIGHLY DYNAMIC

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4
Q

What is a polarized polymer? Microtubule

A

+ and a - end

+ is dynamic (lengthens + shortens)

motor protein reads and moves according to polarity

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5
Q

What makes up the mitotic spindle and determines cell shape? Backbone for cilia + flagella?

A

Microtubules

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6
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

13 +/- protofilaments (stacks of tubulin dimers)

Leads to MT DYNAMIC INSTABILITY

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7
Q

What are microtubule associated motor proteins? What direction do they move?

A

Structural non-motor proteins

Dynenin (- end directed)

Kinesin (+ end directed)

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8
Q

What is the nucleation center?

A

The centrosome

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9
Q

What is nucleation? Where does it occur?

A

genesis of cytoskeletal polymer

Nucleation occurs at centrosome

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10
Q

What is polymerization

A

The elongation of cytoskeletal polymer following the initial nucleation

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11
Q

What is the centrosome structure?

A

+ end furthest away
- end closest to the center

Gamma tubulin required for nucleation

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12
Q

What are cilia and sperm tails composed of?

A

Microtubule based structures for movement

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13
Q

Where do you find cilia?

A

Lung epithelium, trachea, fallopian tube

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14
Q

What is a basal body?

A

A microtubule organizing center for cilia and flagella (- end is closest to basal body)

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15
Q

What is an axoneme composed of?

A

9 +2 microtubule of cilia + flagella

MT doublet + dynenin drives axnomenal motility

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16
Q

What is immotile cilia syndrome?

A

Malfunction w/ microtubule

Body wide defect in axonemal structure leading to Obstructive Lung Disease + sterility in males

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17
Q

What is Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

Situs inversus (reversal of normal body symmetry) + immotile cilia

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18
Q

What is cancer in regards to microtubules?

A

disrupt MT dynamics to block cell division

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19
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A

Mutation in microtubule protein LISI and doublecortin

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20
Q

What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A?

A

Mutation in kinesin (mitofusion2, a protein of mitochondria)

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21
Q

What are neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Abnormalities of tau, dynenin, kinesis, spastin

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22
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Actin filaments w/ NONhollow polymers of actin

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23
Q

What is actin?

A

microfilaments
ATPase (helical)

Dynamic (rapid assembly + disassembly)
-Regulated by accessory proteins

Substrate for myosin to move and carry

UNLIKE MICROTUBULES, NO SPECIFIC ORGANIZING CENTER LIKE CENTROSOME (nucleate almost anywhere in cell)

24
Q

What is F-Actin?

A

Helical, bound by accessory proteins

3 isoforms (Alpha, beta, gamma)

25
Q

Where is F-Actin Alpha found? What about beta and gamma?

A

Alpha -> muscle

Beta + gamma -> most cells

26
Q

What are actin filament dynamics?

A

Polymerization is ATP hydrolysis dependent

27
Q

What end of Actin filament is preferred for polymerization?

A

BARBED

28
Q

What does nucleation lead to in actin filament?

A

Polymerization

29
Q

What does ARP2/3 lead to in actin filament nucleation?

A

branched filaments

30
Q

What does formins + spire lead to in actin filament nucleation?

A

Bundled linear filaments

31
Q

What are myosin?

A

F-actin associated force generating mechanoenzymes w/ roles in contractility and intracellular transport?

Myosin II -> skeletal muscle?

32
Q

What end does myosin move towards on filaments?

A

Barbed end

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

F-actin and myosin II at contractile ring during cell division

34
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Actin based epithelial projections

35
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Small intestine, sensory organs (ears -> STEROCILIA)

36
Q

What are cytoskeleton and cell attachment to the ECM?

A

Physical link between

37
Q

In the erthocyte skeleton, what is the scaffold?

A

F-actin is scaffold for spectrin web

38
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Fragile spheres of blood bc spectrin is weak binding

39
Q

What is hereditary elliptocytosis?

A

Fragile ellipocytes because incomplete form of spectrin

40
Q

What is the actin reason for breast cancer?

A

Tensins -> intern receptors to actin cytoskeleton (disrupted)

41
Q

What is familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Mutations in specific cardiac actin (cause of sudden death in athletes)

42
Q

What are mutations in skeletal muscle actin associated with?

A

Abnormalities of muscle + muscle weakness

43
Q

What does myosin VI mutation cause?

A

Deafness

44
Q

What does Myosin VII mutation cause?

A

Deafness, neuro disroder, blindness (usher syndrome type 1)

45
Q

How do pathogens use actin?

A

Usurp the endogenous machinery to translocate w/i cell

46
Q

What is phalloidin?

A

Binds to and stabilzies actin filaments

next to a pic of a mushroom named amanita phalloides

47
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Molecularly related but diverse filaments

48
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Non-polarized, NON-DYNAMIC (more stable)

49
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments

A

Space filling, tensile strength IMPORTANT AT CELL JUNCTIONS

LESS CONSERVED THAN MICROTUBULES + MICROFILAMENTS

USED AS CELL MARKERS

50
Q

What are intermediate filaments type 1/type 2?

A

Epithelial cells (hair nails) smallest

Type 1 acid
Type 2 basic

51
Q

What are type 3 intermediate filaments?

A

vimentin + desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (cells of mesenchymal origin -> fibroblasts) muscle + glial

52
Q

What are type IV neurofilament proteins?

A

Neurons

53
Q

What are type V intermediate filaments?

A

Nuclear lamina of all nucleated cells

54
Q

What is epidermolysis bullsosa simplex?

A

Intermediate filament based cellular structure

Mutation in keratain- > very sensitive to mechanical injur

55
Q

What is progeria?

A

Fast aging disease w/ nuclear lamina protein

56
Q

What is the overall structure of cytoskeleton?

A

Protein polymers
Actin-> actin filaments
Tubulin -> microtubules
Intermediate filaments

Histology and Embryology (5 decks)

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