Catabolism
Breaking down of relatively complex molecules to simpler ones to either salvage components or to generate energy
Anabolism
The net use of energy to build more complex molecules from simpler ones
Cofactor
A substance such as an ion or coenzyme which must be associated with an enzyme for it to function.
Coenzyme
A non-protein organic substance which combines with a specific protein
Apoenzyme
Protein component of an enzyme to which the coenzyme attaches to form an active enzyme
Reactions are thermodynamically favourable when ∆G is?
Negative
∆G is negative therefore the reaction is
spontaneous
Name the four important features of ATP
1) Resonance stabilisation
2) Electrostatic repulsion
3) Stabilisation by hydration
4) Metal Binding
Allosteric regulation is the regulation of
a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzymes active site
Retro aldolase is a
reverse aldolase reaction
Hydrolysis
Breaking of a bond using water
80% of _____ is produced by _____
ethanol, fermentation
Four problems with fuel from waste biomass are:
1) Large amounts of biomass needed
2) Production time is long
3) Separation cost is high
4) Large amounts of waste produced
Gluconeogenesis is the:
conversion of lactate to glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the:
conversion of lactate to glucose
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol of cell
Where does citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondria of cell
Tautomerism is the
intramoleculer transfer of a proton
Nucleophile:
Donates electrons
Electrophile
Accepts electrons
Resonance structures
A way of illustrating electron and charge distribution in a molecule. Involves π-electrons and unbonded electron pairs
Hydrogenation is
adding H to a double bond
H of H-Cl will attack a carbonyl that is
nearer phenol/busy end
If reactant doubles and rate doubles order of reaction is:
1st order
If reactant doubles and no change in rate, reaction is:
0 order
A reaction is spontaneous if in an energy diagram thing, the products are ___ than the reactants
lower
You can find the units of K by looking at what constant?
Arrehenius
Zero order reaction units?
M/S
1 order reaction units?
s^-1
Second order reaction units?
M^-1 s^-1
Vmax refers to
when all active sites of an enzyme are full
km is
half of Vmax
Draw NADP
google it
Draw ATP
google it
3A + B -> C
Express rate of reaction in terms of disappearance of reactant A. (both A and B are 1st order)
-1/3d[A]/dt = k[A][B]
3A + 4B -> C
Express rate of reaction in terms of disappearance of A & B? (B is first order and A is 0)
-1/3d[A]/dt = -1/4d[B]/dt = k[B]
What is the rate equation with respect to k?
k = rate/ [A][B]
What is the Arrhenius equation?
k= Ae -Ea/RT
To convert from celsius to kelvin you, add the value for celsius to ?
273k