Dementia, Delirium, Syncope, and Seizures Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Dementia, Delirium, Syncope, and Seizures Deck (30)
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1
Q

What drug is used for agitation/psychotic-like delirious behavior?

A

Haloperidol

2
Q

What is the triad for normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

dementia, gait disturbances, urinary incontinence

3
Q

Alzheimer Disease - pathology

A

quantity of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

4
Q

Alzheimer Disease - MRI Findings

A
  • diffuse cortical atrophy

- enlargement of ventricles

5
Q

Vascular Dementia - pathology

A

multi-infarct dementia and diffuse white matter disease

6
Q

Vascular Dementia - MRI findings

A

show multiple smaller areas of ischemic damage

7
Q

Dementia with Lewy bodies - Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • parkinsonism
  • prominent, fully formed visual hallucinations
  • substantial fluctuations in alertness or cognition
8
Q

Dementia with Lewy bodies - MRI findings

A

generalized atrophy and white matter changes

9
Q

Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - General

A

weight loss, exercise, avoiding alcohol and sedatives, sleeping in non-supine

10
Q

Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - mild to moderate

A
  • CPAP or BiPAP

- Oral appliance

11
Q

Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - Severe

A
  • CPAP
  • UPPP
  • Tracheostomy
12
Q

Central Sleep Apnea - Breathing

A

Cheyenne-Stokes Breathing

13
Q

Narcolepsy

A

involuntary “sleep attacks” at any time of the day, lasting several minutes

14
Q

Narcolepsy - Cataplexy

A

loss of muscle tone that generally occurs with an intense emotional stimulation

15
Q

Narcolepsy - Sleep paralysis

A

patient cannot move when waking up

16
Q

Narcolepsy - Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A

vivid hallucinations (auditory or visual) that are like “dreams” while awake

17
Q

Narcolepsy - Treatment

A
  • modafinial
  • methylphenidate (ritalin) or amphetamines
  • planned naps during the day (to prevent sleep attacks)
18
Q

Turning your head with a tight t-shirt on

A

Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity

19
Q

Simple Partial/Focus Seizures

A

consciousness remains intact

20
Q

Complex Partial Seizures

A
  • consciousness is impaired

- accompanied by posticidal confusion

21
Q

Generalized Seizures

A
  • characterized by loss of consciousness

- involves disruption of the electrical activity in the entire brain

22
Q

Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure

A
  • bilaterally symmetric and without focal onset

- begins with sudden loss of consciousness

23
Q

Tonic phase

A

patient becomes rigid

24
Q

Clonic phase

A

muscular jerking of the limbs and body

25
Q

Absence Seizures (petit mal seizures)

A

-patients “stares off into space” and then returns to normal activity after a few seconds

26
Q

Absence Seizures - treatment

A

Ethosuximide

27
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

continuous seizure activity > 5-10 minutes or >2 seizures without full recovery

  • always check finger stick blood glucose
  • consider pyridoxine (B6) for INH toxicity
28
Q

Status Epilepticus - First Line Treatment

A

lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam

29
Q

Status Epilepticus - Second Line Treatment

A

phenytoin or fosphenytoin

30
Q

Status Epilepticus - Third Line Treatment

A

pentobarbital