What is Unipolar
Low mood only
What is Anhedonia
Inability to feel pleasure
Insomnia
Lack of sleep
Hypersomnia
More than usual sleep
Suicidal Ideation
Suicidal thoughts
One of these symptoms are needed to be classed with a major depressive episode
Low mood or anhedonia
Five of these symptoms are needed to be classed with a major depressive episode
Change in weight Psychomotor agitation Fatigue Insomnia or hypersomnia Feeling worthless Difficulty concentrating Suicidal ideation
SPIFF CD
How often must depressive symptoms be present?
Nearly every day for at least two weeks
How long does the depressive state count as bereavement?
2 months
Dysthymia requires a depressed mood how often?
50% of the time
What is double depression?
Dysthymia and major depressive episode
What is point prevalence?
Percentage of people who have depression at any one time (normally in the last year)
What is the point prevalence of depression in the USA?
7.3% (Weinberger et al, 2018)
What is lifetime prevalence?
Percentage of people who will experience depression in their lifetimes
What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?
Varies from 10-20% (Kessler et al, 2003)
What is the number one cause of disability in the world?
Depression (Murray & Lopez, 1996)
Who said depression has a negative impact on parent-child and romantic relationships?
Downey & Coyne 1990
What is the percentage rate of suicides in depressed people?
2-9% in depressed people
1% general population
Bostwick & Pankratz, 2000)
Those with depression have a greater risk of what?
Heart disease (Lett et al, 2004)
Diabetes (Brown & Newman, 2005)
Stroke (Liebetrau, 2008)
Which sex is at a higher risk for depression?
Women
Which sex is at a higher risk for suicide?
Men
What does acutely depressed mean?
The patient is currently depressed
What percentage of depressive episodes recover not their own within 6-9 months?
70%
What is the average number of lifetime episodes
4-6 (Angst et al, 1973; Judd, 2997)
Pattern of recurrence
Belcher & Costello, 1998
(Keller, 1998)
20% recurrence at 2 months 30% recurrence at 6 months 40% recurrence at 1 year 50% recurrence at 2 years 76% recurrence by 5 years
Risk is greater the more episodes of depression: More than 3 episodes 40% relapse within 3 months, 70% within 6 months
Illnesses associated with depression
Nervous system diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) (Cummings et al, 1999)
Vascular diseases (e.g., heart disease) (Jiang et al, 2002)
Endocrine diseases (e.g., hypothyroidism) (Gold et al, 1981)
Which medications are used for depression?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Electroconvulsive therapy
Which forces did Beck say shape negative thinking patterns?
Family life, adolescence, peers, losses and stresses
What is the negative triad?
Negative thoughts about the self, world and future
What is negative propaganda?
Voice of criticism
Treatments involved in CBT (6 of them)
Behaviour experiments Tracking NATs Challenging NATs, and by checking them… Challenging core beliefs By reviewing evidence In the therapeutic alliance
Approx how many patients on antidepressants are treated to remission
2/3 (Thase et al)
What is the risk of depression is there is a family history of it?
50-80%
What % increased likelihood of survival is there for patients with strong social relationships?
50%