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Flashcards in Details Deck (197)
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1
Q

Septic shock is initiated by bacterial Lipid A (LPS) binding

A

CD14 on Macrophages

2
Q

Causes of Eosinophilia

A
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergies
Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency
Parasites
3
Q

B Cell markers

A

CD19, 20 and 21

4
Q

Cytotoxic T Cell markers

A

CD3 and 8

5
Q

Helper T Cell markers

A

CD3 and 4

6
Q

Apixaban and Rivaroxaban inhibit

A

Factor Xa

7
Q

Argatroban, Bivalirudin and Dabigatran inhibit

A

Factor IIa (Thrombin)

8
Q

Alteplase, Reteplase, Streptokinase and Tenecteplase activate

A

tPA

9
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with liver disease and cholesterol dysregulation

A

Acanthocytes (Spur Cells)

10
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with lead poisoning

A

Basophilic Stippling + Ringed Sideroblast

11
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Basophilic Stippling + Ringed Sideroblast

12
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with bone marrow infiltration

A

Dacrocytes (teardrop cells)

13
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with G6PD Deficiency

A

Dagmacytes (Bite Cells) + Heinz Bodies

14
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with end-stage renal or liver disease and Pyruvate Kinase deficiency

A

Echinocytes (Burr Cells- similar to acanthocytes but more uniform/smaller)

15
Q

Asymptomatic RBC form seen with mutations in RBC membrane proteins

A

Elliptocytes

16
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Macro-ovalocytes (also see hyper segmented PMNs)

17
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with DIC, TTP/HUS, HELPP Syndrome and mechanical hemolysis

A

Schistocytes (helmet cells)

18
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with mutations in ankyrin or spectrin

A

Spherocytes

19
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with HbC

A

Target Cells

20
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with Asplenia

A

Target Cells + Howell-Jolly Bodies

21
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with Thalassemia

A

Target Cells

22
Q

Pathologic RBC form seen with Liver Disease (other than acanthocytes/echiocytes)

A

Target Cells

23
Q

Enzymes inhibited by lead

A

Ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase

24
Q

UMP Synthase deficiency

A

Orotic Aciduria

25
Q

Triphalangeal thumbs are seen with

A

Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

26
Q

Disease indicated by (-) CD55/59

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

27
Q

Enzyme deficient in Acute Intermitent Porphyria

A

Porphobilinogen Deaminase

28
Q

Enzyme deficient in Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

A

Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase

29
Q

Deficiency in Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

A

GpIb

30
Q

Deficiency in Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

A

GpIIb/IIIa

31
Q

Enzyme deficient in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

ADAMTS13

32
Q

Markers for Reed-Sternberg Cells

A

CD15 and CD30

33
Q

Translocation of Burkitt Lymphoma

A

t(8;14)

C-myc (8) for HC Ig (14)

34
Q

Translocation of Follicular Lymphoma

A
t(14;18)
HC Ig (14) for BCL-2 (14)
35
Q

Translocation of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

A
t(11;14)
Cyclin D1 (11) for HC Ig (14)
36
Q

Marker for pre-T Cell

A

TdT+

37
Q

Marker for pre-B Cell

A

CD10, TdT+

38
Q

Marker for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

CD20, CD5

39
Q

Histological finding with CLL

A

Smudge Cells

40
Q

Marker for Hairy Cell Leukemia

A

TRAP+

41
Q

Translocation of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

A

t(15;17)

all-trans retinoid acid (Vitamin A)

42
Q

Cancer associated with Auer Rods

A

AML

43
Q

Translocation of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

A

t(9;22) - Philadelphia Chromosome

BCR-ABL

44
Q

Markers for Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

A

S-100 and CD1a

45
Q

Mutation associated with myeloproliferative disorders

A

V617F JAK2

46
Q

Mutation in Achondroplasia

A

Activation of FGFR3

47
Q

Translocation of Ewing Sarcoma

A

t(11;22)

Fusion Protein EWS-FLI 1

48
Q

Arthritis involving DIP and PIP Joints

A

Osteoarthritis

49
Q

Arthritis involving DIP and MIP Joints

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

50
Q

HLA associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

HLA-DR4

51
Q

Disease associated with Anti-Cirtullinated Peptide Antibody

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

52
Q

Antibodies found with Sögren’s Syndrome

A

SS-A (anti-Ro) and SS-B (anti-La)

53
Q

Antibody found in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

A

Anti-U1 RNP Antibodies

54
Q

Diseases associated with Anti-Jo 1, Anti-SRP and Anti-Mi 2 antibodies

A

Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

55
Q

Antiboby associated with diffuse scleroderma

A

Anti-SCL-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)

56
Q

Antibody associated with CREST

A

Anti-Centromere Antibody

57
Q

Proteins making up Gap Junctions

A

Connexins

58
Q

Proteins making up Tight Junctions

A

Claudins/Occludins

59
Q

Proteins making up Adherens Junctions

A

Cadherins

60
Q

Proteins making up Desmosomes

A

Cadherins (Desmoglein)

61
Q

Proteins making up Hemidesmosomes

A

Integrins

62
Q

Signs of Psoriasis (5)

A

1) Acanthosis (epidermal hyperplasia of S. Spinosum)
2) Munro Microabscesses
3) Auspitz Sign
4) Decreased S. Granulosum)
5) Parakeratosis (nuclei in S. corneum)

63
Q

IgG Antibodies against desmoglein

A

Pemphigus Vulgaris

64
Q

Immunofluorescence pattern/Nikolsky result of Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

Reticular/Net-like pattern; Nikolsky +

65
Q

Immunofluorescence pattern/Nikolsky result of Bullous Pemphigoid

A

Linear pattern at the epidermal/dermal border; Nikolsky -

66
Q

IgG against hemidesmosomes

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

67
Q

Tumor marker for Melanoma

A

S-100

68
Q

Common mutation in Melanoma

A

BRAF Kinase

69
Q

Nerve injured in a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus

A

Axillary Nerve

70
Q

Nerve injured in an anterior dislocation of the humerus

A

Axillary Nerve

71
Q

Levels of the Axillary Nerve

A

C5-C6

72
Q

Nerve injured in an upper trunk compression

A

Musculocutaneuos

73
Q

Levels of the Musculocutaneuos Nerve

A

C5-C7

74
Q

Nerve injured in a midshaft fracture of the humerus

A

Radial Nerve

75
Q

Nerve injured due to compression from crutches

A

Radial Nerve

76
Q

Levels of the Radial Nerve

A

C5-T1

77
Q

Nerve injured in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus

A

Median Nerve

78
Q

Nerve injured in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Median Nerve

79
Q

Nerve injured in wrist laceration

A

Median Nerve

80
Q

Levels of the Median Nerve

A

C5-T1

81
Q

Nerve injured in fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus

A

Ulnar Nerve

82
Q

Nerve injured in fracture of hook of hamate

A

Ulnar Nerve

83
Q

Levels of the Ulnar Nerve

A

C8-T1

84
Q

Nerve injured in superficial laceration of the palm

A

Recurrent Branch of the Median Nerve

85
Q

Nerve injury causing flattening of deltoid + loss of aBduction past 15 degrees + loss of sensation over lateral arm

A

Axillary Neve

86
Q

Nerve injury causing loss of forearm flexion/supination + loss of sensation over the lateral forearm

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

87
Q

Nerve injury causing wrist drop + decreased grip strength + loss of sensation over the posterior arm, forearm and dorsal hand (lateral, not digits)

A

Radial Nerve

88
Q

Nerve injury causing loss of sensation over thenar eminence, dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 3 1/2 digits

A

Median Nerve

89
Q

Nerve injury causing radial deviation of wrist + loss of wrist flexion + loss of sensation over medial 1 1/2 digits

A

Ulnar Nerve

90
Q

Nerve injury causing loss of thenar muscle group (opposition, aBduction and flexion)

A

Recurrant Branch of the Median Nerve

91
Q

Nerve injury causing Erb Palsy (Waiter’s Tip)

A

Tear of upper trunk (C5-C6)

-Traction on neck during delivery

92
Q

Nerve injury causing Klumpke Palsy (Total Claw Hand)

A

Tear of lower trunk (C8-T1)

-Grabbing a tree branch to break a fall; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

93
Q

Nerve injury causing Winged Scapula

A

Lesion of Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, C6, C7)

-Axillary node dissection post-mastectomy

94
Q

Nerve injured from pelvic surgery

A

Obturator Nerve

95
Q

Level of the Obturator Nerve

A

L2-L4

96
Q

Nerve injured from pelvic fracture

A

Femoral Nerve

97
Q

Level of the Femoral Nerve

A

L2-L4

98
Q

Nerve injured from trauma to the lateral aspect of the leg

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

99
Q

Nerve injured from fibular neck fracture

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

100
Q

Level of the Common Peroneal

A

L4-S2

101
Q

Nerve injured from knee trauma of a Baker Cyst

A

Tibial Nerve

102
Q

Nerve injured from Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Tibial Nerve

103
Q

Level of the Tibial Nerve

A

L4-S3

104
Q

Nerve injured from IM injection to upper medial gluteal region

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

105
Q

Level of the Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

L4-S1

106
Q

Nerve injured from a posterior hip dislocation

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

107
Q

Level of the Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

L5-S2

108
Q

Nerve injury causing decreased thigh sensation + decreased adDuction

A

Obturator Nerve

109
Q

Nerve injury causing decreased thigh flexion + decreased leg extension

A

Femoral Nerve

110
Q

Nerve injury causing foot drop + loss of sensation of dorsum of foot

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

PED: Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes

111
Q

Nerve injury causing inability to curl toes + loss of sensation of sole of foot + loss of plantarflecion

A

Tibial Nerve

TIP: Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes; if injured cannot stand on TIPtoes

112
Q

Nerve injury causing Trendelenburg Gait (contralateral hip drops when lesion is used as weight baring leg)

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

113
Q

Nerve injury causing difficulty climbing stairs + loss of hip extension

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

114
Q

Signs of radiculopathy at L3-L4

A

Weak knee extension + decreased patellar reflex

115
Q

Signs of radiculopathy at L4-L5

A

Weak dorsiflexion + poor heel-walking

116
Q

Signs of radiculopathy at L5-S1

A

Weak plantarflexion + poor toe walking + decreased Achilles Reflex

117
Q

Region of the hypothalamus –> Hunger

A

Lateral Area

118
Q

Region of the Hypothalamus –> Satiety

A

Ventromedial Area

119
Q

Damage to the Lateral Hypothalamus causes

A

Anorexia

120
Q

Damage to the Ventromedial Hypothalamus causes

A

Hyperphagia

121
Q

Sleep Pneumonic meaning of BATS Drink Blood

A
Beta EEG - Awake w/ eyes open
Alpha EEG - Eyes closed
Theta- N1 
Sleep Spindles + K Complexes - N2
Delta EEG - N3
Beta EEG - REM Sleep
122
Q

Chromosome associated with Huntington Disease

A

4

123
Q

Syndrome of disinhibited behavior caused by lesion to the amygdala

A

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

124
Q

Arterial occlusion causing contralateral paralysis and sensory loss to the face/upper limb + aphasia (dominant) or hemineglect (non-dominant)

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

125
Q

Arterial occlusion causing contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of the lower limb

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

126
Q

Arterial occlusion causing contralateral paralysis and sensory loss without cortical signs

A

Lenticulo-Striate Artery

127
Q

Arterial occlusion causing contralateral paralysis of upper and lower limb + decreased contralateral proprioception + hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue deviates towards the lesion)

A

Paramedian Branches of the Anterior Spinal Artery (Medial Medullary Syndrome)

Could be vertebral arteries as well

128
Q

Arterial occlusion causing dysphagia + hoarsness + decreased gag reflex + lateral medullary (Trigeminal, Spinothalamic and Cerebellar symptoms) + Horner’s

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (Lateral Medullary/Wallenberg)
“Don’t PICA hoarse that can’t eat”

129
Q

Arterial occlusion causing facial paralysis + decreased lacrimation/salivation + decreased taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue + lateral pons signs (Trigeminal, Spinothalamic and Cerebellar symptoms)

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (Lateral Pontine Syndrome)
“Facial Droop means AICA’s pooped”

130
Q

Arterial occlusion causing Locked-In Syndrome

A

Basilar Artery

131
Q

Arterial occlusion causing contralateral hemianopia + macular sparing

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

132
Q

Cause of absent ankle reflex

A

Compression of S1 Nerve Root

133
Q

Trinucleotide repeat pneumonic

A
eX Girlfriend's First Aid Helped Ace MY Test
fragile X --> cGg
Friederich ataxia --> gAa
Huntington disease --> cAg
MYotonic dystrophy --> cTg
134
Q

Chromosome associated with Friedreich Ataxia

A

Chromosome 9

135
Q

Reflex Pneumonic

A

1, 2 buckle my shoe (S1, 2 = Achille’s Reflex)
3, 4 kick the door (L3, L4 = Patellar Reflex)
5, 6 pick up sticks (C5, C6 = Biceps Reflex)
7, 8 lay them straight (C7, C8 = Triceps Reflex)
————-
1, 2 Testicles Move (L1, L2 = Cremaster Reflex)
3, 4 Winks galore (S3, S4 = Anal Wink Reflex)

136
Q

Cranial Nerves in the Pons

A

5-8

137
Q

Cranial Nerves in the Medulla

A

9-12 (11 is really Spinal Cord)

138
Q

Medial Cranial Nerves

A

3, 4, 6, 12 (the “M”s)

139
Q

Cranial Nerves in the Midbrain

A

3 and 4

140
Q

Structures passing through the Superior Orbital Fissure

A

CN III, IV and VI and V-1

141
Q

Nerve exiting through the Foramen Rotundum

A

V-2

142
Q

Nerve exiting through the Foramen Ovale

A

V-III

143
Q

Inclusions in Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration are of

A

Hyperphosphorylated Tau or Ubiquinated TDP-43

144
Q

Diagnostic findings of MS

A

Oligoclonal Bands + Increased IgG and Myelin Basic Protein in CSF

145
Q

Inheritance pattern of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

A

Autosomal Dominant

146
Q

Krabbe disease –> demyelination via

A

Deficiency of galactocerebrosidase w/ subsequent accumulation of galactocerebroside and psychosine

147
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy –> demyelination via

A

Arylsulfatase A Deficiency w/ subsequent accumulation of sulfatides

148
Q

Gene mutation associated with Sturge-Weber

A

GNAQ Gene activating mutation

149
Q

Mutation associated with Neurofibromatosis Type I

A

NF1 Tumor Suppressor (negative regulator of RAS) on Ch 17

150
Q

Schwannoma Marker

A

S-100

151
Q

Total, ICF and ECF body water percentages

A
Total = 60%
ICF = 40%
ECF = 20% (15% interstitial; 25% plasma)
152
Q

Equation for filtration fraction

A

GFR/RPF

153
Q

Equation for Filtered Load

A

GFR x Px

154
Q

Equation for Excretion Rate

A

V x U

155
Q

Factors that shift K+ out of the cell (causing hyperkalemia)

A

Digitalis, hyperOsmolarity, Lysis of cells, Acidosis, B-blockers and Sugar (diabetes)
“DO LABS”

156
Q

Factors that shift K+ into the cell (causing hypokalemia)

A

Hypo-osmolarity, Alkalosis, B-adrenergic agonists and Insulin

157
Q

Winter’s Formula

A

PCO2 = 1.5 [HCO3] + 8 +/-2

158
Q

Anion Gap Equation

A

Gap = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

159
Q

Underlying cause of Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis

A

Alpha Intercalated cells cannot secrete H+ –> No new bicarbonate formed –> Metabolic Acidosis

160
Q

Underlying cause of Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis

A

Defect in PCT bicarbonate reabsorption –> Metabolic Acidosis

161
Q

Underlying cause of Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis

A

Hypoaldosteronism –> HYPERKALEMIA –> decreased NH3 synthesis in PCT –> Decreased NH4+ excretion

162
Q

Genetics of Alport Syndrome

A

X-Linked Dominant

163
Q

Immunotherapy for RCC

A

Aldesleukin

164
Q

Chromosome abnormality associated with RCC

A

Ch. 3 (von Hippel-Lindau)

165
Q

Genetic cause of Wilms Tumor

A

Loss of function mutation of WT1 or WT2 on Chromosome 11

166
Q

Components of the WAGR syndrome and underlying mutation

A

Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformations and mental Retardation

WT1 mutation

167
Q

Components of Denys-Drash syndrome and underlying mutation

A

Wilms tumor, nephrotic syndrome and male pseudohermaphroditism

WT1 mutation

168
Q

Components of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

A

Wilms tumor, Macroglossia, Organomegaly and emihypertrophy

WT2 mutation

169
Q

Consequences of Renal Failure

A
"MAD HUNGER"
Metabolic Acidosis
Dyslipidemia
Hyperkalemia
Uremia
Na+/H2O retention
Growth retardation
Erythropoiesis
Renal Osteodystrophy
170
Q

Drugs causing acute interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis)

A
"The 5 P's"
Pee (diuretics)
Pain-free (NSAIDs)
Penicillins/cephalosporins
Proton-pump inhibitors
rifamPin
171
Q

Causes of renal papillary necrosis

A
"SAAD papa (papillary necrosis)"
Sickle Cell
Acute pyelonephritis
Analgesics (NSAIDs)
Diabetes
172
Q

Mutations associated with ADPKD

A

PKD1 on Ch. 16 or PKD2 on Ch. 4

173
Q

Pneumonic for mesodermal defects

A

VACTERL

Vertebral defects, Anal atresia. Cardiac defects, TE fistulas, Renal defects and Limb defects

174
Q

1st Aortic Arch derivative

A

Maxillary Artery (1st is Max)

175
Q

2nd Aortic Arch derivative

A

Stapedial

176
Q

3rd Aortic Arch derivatives

A

Common Carotid and Internal Carotid (C is the 3rd letter)

177
Q

4th Aortic Arch derivatives

A

Left- Aortic Arch and Right- Subclavian (4th arch = 4 limbs (systemic))

178
Q

6th Aortic Arch derivatives

A

Pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus

179
Q

Derivative of the 1st Branchial Cleft

A

External Auditory Meatus

180
Q

Branchial Pouch derivatives pneumonic

A
"Ear, Tonsils, Bottom to Top"
Pouch 1 = Ears
Pouch 2 = Tonsils
Pouch 3 = Inferior Parathyroid "Bottom"
Pouch 3 = Thymus "to" 
Pouch 4 = Superior Parathyroids "Top"
181
Q

Male and female derivatives of the Genital Tubercle

A

Male- Glans Penis + Corpus Cavernosum and Spongiosum

Female- Clitoris + Vestibular Bulbs

182
Q

Male and female derivatives of the Urogenital Sinus

A

Male- Bulbourethral Glands of Cowper + Prostate

Female- Greater Vestibular Glands of Bartholin + Urethral/Paraurethral Glands of Skene

183
Q

Male and female derivatives of the Urogenital Folds

A

Male- Penile Urethra

Female- Labia Minora

184
Q

Male and female derivatives of the Labioscrotal Swelling

A

Male- Scrotum

Female- Labia Majora

185
Q

Ligament containing the Ovarian Vessels

A

Infundibulopelvic Ligament (Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary)

186
Q

Ligament containing the Uterine Vessels

A

Cardinal Ligament

187
Q

Ligaments that are derived from the Gubernaculum

A

Round Ligament (uterus –> labia majora) and Ovarian Ligament (ovary –> uterus)

188
Q

Pneumonic for the consequences of menopause

A

“HAVOCS”

Hot flashes, Atrophy of the Vagina, Osteoporosis, Coronary artery disease and Sleep disturbances

189
Q

Specific marker for menopause

A

Increased FSH

190
Q

Increased lab value with Choriocarcinoma

A

B-HCG

191
Q

Lab value used to evaluate ovarian cancer recurrence

A

CA 125

192
Q

Features of Meigs Syndrome

A

1) Ovarian Fibroma
2) Ascites
3) Hydrothorax (Pleural Effusion)

193
Q

Tumor markers for Dysgerminoma

A

hCG and LDH

194
Q

Tumor marker for Yolk Sac Tumors (Endodermal Sinus Tumors)

A

AFP

195
Q

Mutation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial HTN

A

BMPR2

196
Q

Markers for mesothelioma

A

Cytokeratin and Calretinin +

197
Q

Markers for Small Cell Carcinoma

A

Chromogranin A +

Enolase +