Diaphragm Flashcards Preview

Anatomy - BB Exam 2 > Diaphragm > Flashcards

Flashcards in Diaphragm Deck (26)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

hiccups

A

involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm causing sudden inhalations that are rapidly interrupted by spasmodic closure of the glottis

2
Q

cause of hiccups

A

irritation of afferent/efferent nerve endings to respiratory muscles, which may be from:

  • indigestion
  • diaphragm irritation
  • alcoholism
  • cerebral lesions
  • thoracic and abdominal lesions
3
Q

section of a phrenic nerve

A

results in complete paralysis and eventual atrophy of the muscular part of the corresponding half of the diaphragm

4
Q

paralysis of a hemidiaphragm - recognition radiographically

A

permanent elevation and paradoxical movement

5
Q

referred pain from diaphragm

A

two different places b/c of difference in sensory nerve supply:

  1. irritation of diaphragmatic pleura/peritoneum -> shoulder region (C3-C5)
  2. irritation of peripheral regions of diaphragm -> skin over the costal margins of the anterolateral abdominal wall
6
Q

what can cause rupture of the diaphragm and herniation of viscera?

A

sudden large increase in either intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal pressure
-most often due to severe trauma to thorax/abdomen during motor vehicle accident

7
Q

what side are most diaphragmatic ruptures on and why?

A

left side - liver provides a physical barrier on the right

8
Q

lumbocostal triangle

A

b/w the costal and lumbar parts of the diaphragm - site of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

9
Q

traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

A

herniation of the stomach, small intestine and mesentery, transverse colon, and spleen into the thorax

10
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of part of the stomach into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus

11
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

A

herniation of part of stomach and intestine through a large posterolateral trigone of the diaphragm - almost always on left

12
Q

only relatively common congenital anomaly of diaphragm

A

posterolateral defect of the diaphragm

13
Q

what does CDH cause?

A

limited space for lung to expand -> pulmonary hypoplasia

-high mortality rate

14
Q

psoas abscess

A

TB abscess in lumbar region that has spread from vertebrae into the psoas fascia -> thick tube of fascia -> pus that surfaces in the superior part of the thigh

15
Q

iliacosubfascial fossa

A

fossa formed if superior part of iliac fascia is loose and forms a pocket - cecum/appendix on right or sigmoid colon on left may become trapped here

16
Q

iliopsoas test

A

used when intra-abdominal inflammmation is suspected - person lies on unaffected side and extends thigh on affected side against resistance of examiner’s hand:
-if get pain = positive psoas sign

17
Q

what may cause spasm of the iliopsoas?

A

disease of the intervertebral and sacro-iliac joints

18
Q

why does advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas cause severe pain in posterior wall?

A

invasion of muscles and nerves of posterior abdominal wall

19
Q

partial lumber sympathectomy

A

surgical removal of two or more lumbar sympathetic ganglia by division of their rami communicantes - treatment for patients w/ arterial disease in lower limbs

20
Q

surgical access to the sympathetic trunks

A

through a lateral extraperitoneal approach b/c trunks are retroperitoneal

21
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

localized enlargement of the aorta

22
Q

palpation of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

pulsations felt to left of midline and pulsatile mass may be moved easily from side to side

23
Q

acute rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm

A
  • associated w/ severe pain in abdomen or back

- high mortality rate if not recognized b/c heavy blood loss

24
Q

collateral routes for abdominopelvic venous blood (3)

A
  1. involving superior and inferior epigastric veins
  2. involving the thoraco-epigastric vein
  3. involves epidural venous plexus inside vertebral column, which communicates w/ lumbar veins of inferior caval system and the tributaries of the azygos system, which is part of superior caval system
25
Q

where do IVC anomalies usually occur?

A

inferior to the renal veins

26
Q

persistent left IVC

A

persistence of embryonic veins on left side - left IVC may cross to the right side at the level of the kidneys