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Neurology > Disorders of the Retina > Flashcards

Flashcards in Disorders of the Retina Deck (40)
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1
Q

What piece of equipment allows a slit lamp to see the back of the eye?

A

A condensing lens

2
Q

What is a disadvantage of an opthalmoscope that doesn’t affect the slit lamp?

A

narrow field of view

sense of depth missing

3
Q

What is visible upon fluorescein angiography in a healthy eye?

A

Green colour in venules and arterioles.

Clouding in the background as it leaks out of the choriocapillaris

4
Q

What is a similarity between the brain and the eye with regard to vascularity?

A

Blood retinal barrier similar to blood brain barrier

5
Q

What is Optical coherence tomography used to look for?

A

Fluid around the fovea

6
Q

What is the most common condition in which you would expect to see fluid under membrane around fovea?

A

Macular degeneration

7
Q

What is the function of the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium)?

A

Phagocytoses the cells above it to keep turnover high.

8
Q

What imaging cell type are concentrated at the fovea? and their function?

A

Cones - colour vision

9
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

Investigations that record electrical signals in the eye and brain in response to visual stimuli

10
Q

What does an Electroretinogram (ERG) do?

A

Measures retinal function by recording action potentials from retina.

11
Q

What does an electrooculogram do? (EOG)

A

Measures function of RPE and photoreceptors

12
Q

What test can give away when someone is feigning blindness?

A

VEP (visually evoked potentials measured in the visual cortex)

13
Q

What is RAPD a measure of?

A

Objective measure of optic nerve function

14
Q

4 vascular causes of sudden vision loss?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
Stroke

15
Q

Roughly what happens in Central retinal vein occlusion?

A

Blood comes in but cannot leave so pools in the eye

16
Q

Common causes of CRVO?

A

hypertension
glaucoma
hyperviscosity (leukaemia/lymphoma)
Inflammation

17
Q

What would be seen on Fluorescein angiography with CRVO?

A

A masked choroid due to blood

18
Q

What is noticed upon examination of an eye with CRAO?

A

Pale fundus and cherry red spot (fovea)

19
Q

Common causes of CRAO

A

Emboli

Inflammation

20
Q

How does the optic disk look in ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Pale with poorly defined borders

Some cases can look quite normal

21
Q

High levels of what are a giveaway to Giant cell arteritis?

A

Inflammatory markers

22
Q

What artery is used in biopsy for Giant cell arteritis and why?

A

Temporal artery - it isn’t 100% necessary and is quite accessible

23
Q

What type of vision is usually the first to be lost in optic neuritis?

A

colour, particularly red

24
Q

What optical condition can be the first presentation of MS?

A

Optic neuritis - check should be done after diagnosis

25
Q

What are the risk factors for Age related macular degeneration?

A

Age
smoking
poor diet

26
Q

What are the two types of AR macular degeneration? Which is more aggressive?

A
Dry type (atrophy)
Wet Type (blood/fluid in membrane) - most aggressive
27
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

drives the growth of new blood vessels.

Is released after ischaemia.

28
Q

How can Wet type macular degeneration be treated?

A

Anti VEGF injections

29
Q

What would be seen on OCT in age related mac degen?

A

Fluid blister in the retina

30
Q

What are pericytes and what disease are they involved in?

A

Cells that line the walls of the eye epithelium

Diabetic retinopathy.

31
Q

How does diabetes lead to retinopathy?

A

Excess sugar damages pericytes
These either occlude or anneurism.
Leakage follows of either blood from weak vessels or lipid from the sugar imbalance in the cells.

32
Q

Is type 1 or 2 diabetes more likely to suffer blindness?

A

Type 1

33
Q

What is a complication of vessels growing in the iris?

A

Block trabecular network, which increases IOP

34
Q

What treatment is prefered in diabetic retinopathy?

A

antiVEGF, laser used to be used but significant vision loss occurred

35
Q

What condition would you test for BP and sugar levels?

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

36
Q

What are the two main groups of retinal dystrophy?

A

Choroidal

Vitreoretinal

37
Q

What is a telltale sign of retinitis?

A

bone spicules on retina

38
Q

Which forms of reinitis pigmentosa are the most common?

A

Dominant inherited
Sporadic mutations
Both of these are also the least severe types

39
Q

What photoreceptors are primarily affected in Retinits pigmentosa?

A

Rods - progressive tunnel vision as the rods die off. Eventually all the cones will go as well, but later.

40
Q

Drugs for what conditions can cause retinopathy?

A

TB
Rheumatoid arthritis
Breast cancer