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Flashcards in Elizabeth in later years Deck (42)
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1
Q

How did the war with Spain effect Elizabeth’s navy

A

Hawkins- makes and refits ships to be more efficient for war.
Merchant ships also can be called on

2
Q

How did the war with Spain effect Elizabeth’s army?

A
Review and training of local militias.
Artillery and guns to be made ready.
JPs guard beacons and coasts
Recusants were interned.
Costal towns complain extra shipping because of recent subsidies- opposition to war
3
Q

How was military leadership changed by the war with Spain?

A

Lord Howard- Lord Admiral (cousin of Queen but not very experienced). Well respected and worked well with Francis Drake. Earl of Leicester gathered army of 12, 000 at Tilbury
Lord Hunsdon had more troops in London aswell

4
Q

How did the war with Spain affect English pride?

A

1588- Elizabeth’s speech at Tilbury showed war had boosted Nationalism and pride in army and England

5
Q

How did the war effect the econonmy with regards salaries for soldiers?

A

Elizabeth had to take out loans and disband army and navy.
Hard to pay sailors in full and many died from poor conditions.
Admiral argued with Council for them reporting discontent nut money tight.

6
Q

How did the war affect religion?

A

Defeat of Catholic superpower- E spun it to be blessed by God.

7
Q

What was the effect after the Armada was defeated?

A

Lots of invasion scares and uneasiness.
Hard to repeat success of 1588 and no real strategy.
it was hard to catch the Spanish treasure fleet.
Elizabeth encouraged individuals to prey on Spanish ships as this was now legal.
It irritated investors when she took lots of money from treasure ships eg madre de dios

8
Q

What were the economic effects of the war in France?

A

France- fear Spanish domination could be dangerous. Sent 14, 000 troops. Loans and gifts to Henry. He didn’t carry out seige of Rouen so seen as a waste. Argued over how much he owed. But stopped Domination of Spain.

9
Q

What were the economic effects of the war in the Netherlands?

A

1588 sent Francis Vere- worked well to recapture land. Loans just enough for Dutch to win. Phillip II bankruptcy meant Elizabeth could withdraw support.

10
Q

How did war affect the council?

A

Essex vs Cecil feud- had to take a side, Cecil wants peace and Essex war eg Cadiz
Council dropped in quality and agreement to ‘pet projects’ = less coherence of action
Cecil aged and lacking control but still promoted peace.

11
Q

How did the war affect the court?

A

Officials were low on money so more open to bribery- increase in court corruption. Elizabeth couldn’t trust people eg Cecil open to bribes and support for James

12
Q

What were the economic effects of war on govt?

A

Spent £4.5 million and £300, 000 surplus totally gone so hard to meet bills. She had to sell crown lands, cut court spending, patronage and keep positions vacant.

13
Q

How did the war affect the succession

A

James wanted to be successor but only agreed not to bar him.
Used war to create pressure- stayed in contact with Pope, Spain etc but unlikely to act as he could lose chance at throne.
Didn’t help Essex and after he fell Robert cultivated relationship with James.
Much debate over succession.

14
Q

How did the war affect the RC threat?

A

Most loyal to Queen but…
William Allen supported James who promised to make him Archbishop. Writes Admonition to the People and Nobility but largely ignored.
Some backed Isabella’s claim but most happy to wait for James who would be more tolerant.
Catholics not united enough- compromises such as Arch-priests. Jesuits willing to betray each other.

15
Q

Outline the problem of bad harvests

A

Poor harvests in 1590s from heavy rain- prices double even grains which were normally cheap. Poor communication made it harder to transport surplus food. Dairy less affected as rain didn’t effect them. People starving to death, more vagrancy and theft.

16
Q

Outline the problem of plague

A

Malnutrition meant less resistance. Big problem if main bread winner was dead. Every town effected. Quarantines were often ignored.

17
Q

Outline the problem of overpopulation

A

Much more people to feed and plague spreads quickly. A million more people

18
Q

What govt action was taken for social and economic problems

A

Quarrintine but ineffective

Forbade export of grain, less dogs as pets, considered Bills to protect land- too consumed with war to act.

19
Q

How much unrest was there in England?

A

Low level- famine, plague etc. Complaints of monopolies and purveyance. Some refusal to pay ship money govt had to stop collection in London in 1596.
Army- some mutiny and desertion, general low quality of the army a problem
Food Riots- Kent, Sussex etc. Apprentices rebelling in London eg Tower Hill rebellion resulting in executions
Oxfirdshire Rising 1596- complain of enclosure and meet on Enslow Hill planning to throw them down and then march onto London to join apprentices. Was a ‘young man’s’ movement as they were the worst hit. Ringleaders executed and torture used. Serious threat or making an example? Very small, betrayed by a member and alienated people due to violent nature and lack of connections. Tilage Act- govt did recognize problem

20
Q

Why was Tyrone such a threat? How effective was the govt in stopping him?

A

Could lead to a Spanish invasion if rebels let Spanish troops land. 1598 T captured Key fort guarding entry to Ulster. Defeated English at Yellow Ford and took control of most of Ireland. Prevented any further action against Spain. Well trained, reinforcements from Scotland.

Elizabeth sent Essex- failed, wasted money and negotiated with Tyrone
Replaced with Mountjoy- used Irish who were tiered of Tyrone. Defeated Spanish landing in 1601 and Tyrone surrendered after Elizabeth’s death.

21
Q

Why did Essex rebel?

A

Didn’t let E dictate- 1589 went on expedition to Lisbon without permission
Too overoptimistic- failure in Ireland and France 1592
Cecil rivalry- refused to compromise for a lower position of Bacon with Cecil and got no positions for supporters as a result
Didn’t decide carer- fame in Cadiz but at the same time Robert Cecil made Principal Secretary
Ill luck- ‘Islands Voyage’ fails because of weather
Immature- drew sword half way on Queen and argued over who would be sent to Ireland
Put under house arrest for returning from Ireland without permission

22
Q

Evidence Essex rebellion was threatening

A

Supporters eg Worcester and Southampton, in Ireland, Wale and knights. Queen has to curb his influence and criticism his failure in Ireland. Sends supporter Mountjoy to Ireland and takes away patent for Sweet wine.
Treasonable activity- encouraged Mountjoy to return with army, reached out to James VI and supporter showed Richard II at the globe.
Earl of Southampton’s plan to take Palace of Whitehall could have worked.
Plan for supporter to rescue him from Queen.
Played on unpopularity of Cecils
Country angry at death of their ‘sweetheart’

23
Q

Evidence Essex rebellion was not threatening.

A

Hostility from queen meant moderate supporters abandoned him
Kinda went crazy- obvious to Council he was plotting
No army to fall back on and many supporters not that loyal.
Lenient 6 executions- seen as a nuisance.
Elizabeth had him executed promptly

24
Q

Evidence Elizabeth’s popularity declined in the 1590s

A

Scandals at Court eg Raleigh and Southampton’s affairs
Criticism increased because of economic problems and rumors about Dudley resurfaced
Attendance at Court fell and in 1600 they were reluctant to go on progress with her
Became reserved, spending most time with ladies
Criticized for looks and age but also for staying secluded
Had to ban ‘unseemly portraits’ but this did little to hide age
Worsened temper and more forgettful

25
Q

Evidence Elizabeth’s popularity didn’t decrease in the 1590s

A

Celebrated her at Ascension day in November and plays celebrated her.
She remained active; hunted, walked and still danced
Spoken of well by foreign dignitaries- 1601 parliament ends in talking of her graciousness, not widely disliked
Illness quick and kept control to the end- reprimanded Cecil for telling her she ‘must go to bed’

26
Q

How well did Elizabeth defend her prerogative over the succession

A

Wentworth an MP- urged her to chose a successor in HOC

- had him imprisoned and then reimprisoned for ‘discussing parlimentary bussiness outside of the houses’

27
Q

How did Elizabeth regard her prerogative with regards monopolies?

A

1597-Buckhurst drew up a list of harmful monopolies
Parliament argued their case well- some wanted to create a bill, which would have challenged her prerogative.
-Elizabeth compromised, removing most harmful monopolies. The ‘Golden Speech’ late on shows the situation was resolved.

28
Q

How did Elizabeth defend her prerogative with regards Purveyance?

A

Issue raised in 1593

-Cecil stopped discussion as it infringed prerogative, Elizabeth compromised with an investigation.

29
Q

What effect did war have with regards relations with regards relations with parliament?

A

1589- they granted her double subsidy but made it clear this was a one of and was to be collected over 4 yrs
1593- agreed to double subsidy but Cecil argued this was enough. Bacon opposed and wanted it paid over 6 yrs. The house agreed to 3 subsidies paid over 3 yrs and Bacon banished from court.
1601- 4 subsidies granted but Raleigh and Bacon tried to reduce this by bringing up how land owners were under assessed but no one took notice.

30
Q

What effect did social issues/religion/monopolies have with regards relations with parliament?

A

Individuals became prominent in debates over social issues- didn’t matter since it didn’t infringe her prerogative.
Religion- 1593: Catholics ordered to stay within 5 miles f their homes but attempts to have similar rules for Puritans were blocked by Raleigh. 1601: Bill to end Priests holding benefices in plurality proposed but Whitfgift said this infringed prerogative and the matter was dropped.
Monopolies- caused some disquiet but outcome favored the Queen

31
Q

1588

A

defeat of Armada

32
Q

1589

A

Drake’s expodition to Portugal

33
Q

1591

A

Robert Cecil on PC

34
Q

1593

A

Wentworth presses for succession to be decided
Essex on PC
Plague in London

35
Q

1594

A

Bacon refused to be Attorney-General

36
Q

1595

A

Apprentice riots in London

37
Q

1596

A

Drake dies
Essex goes to Cadiz
Cecil Principal Secretary
Poor harvest- food riots in Kent

38
Q

1598

A

William Cecil dies

Tyrone beats English at battle of Yellow Ford

39
Q

1599

A

Essex to Ireland

Essex return without permission

40
Q

1600

A

Mountjoy to ireland

41
Q

1601

A

Essex rebellion and his execution

Monopolies debate

42
Q

1603

A

Tyrone surrenders

Elizabeth dies