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Respiratory System > Embryology 3 > Flashcards

Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a summary for the development of the respiratory system?

A

1) Tubular outgrowth from foregut (oesophagus)
2) This outgrowth will develop into the trachea and lung buds
3) Trachea will seperate from oesophagus and lung buds will proliferate
4) Proliferating lung buds will invaginate laterally into the pleural cavities, so forming visceral and parietal pleural and the pleural cavity
5) Meanwhile, transverse septal ‘shelf’ will begin to develop between thorax and abdomen, below the pleural cavities
6) This shelf is composed of 4 components, which fuse to form the diaphragm
7) But sometimes things go wrong with the embryonic tracheal, lung and diaphragmatic formation which results in congenital abnormalities

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2
Q

When does folding of the embryo occur?

A

Week 3

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3
Q

What does folding give rise to?

A

Gut tube

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4
Q

What does the gut tube form from?

A

Endoderm

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5
Q

What does the trachea and lungs form from?

A

Foregut

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6
Q

What is step 1 in development of the respiratory system?

A

Development of the trachea and the lungs

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7
Q

When does development of the trachea and the lungs occur?

A

Week 4 of gestation

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8
Q

Where does the development of the trachea and lungs begin from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut

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9
Q

What is A?

A

Hindgut

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10
Q

What is B?

A

Yolk sac

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Foregut

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12
Q

What is D?

A

Primitive gut

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13
Q

What is E?

A

Notochord

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14
Q

What is F?

A

Neural tube

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15
Q

What is the process of the development of the trachea and lungs?

A

1) Respiratory primordium starts as a median outgrowth (diverticulum) - laryngotracheal groove - from vental part of the foregut
2) Diverticulum (part of endoderm) becomes invested (covered) with mesoderm on its outside and enlarges to form trachea and lung buds
3) A septum (oesophagotracheal septum) develops between the oesophagus and trachea, completely seperating them

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16
Q

What is the diverticulum part of?

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

What does the diverticulum become covered by to form the trachea and lung buds?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What is the median outgrowth called that goes on to form the trachea and lung buds?

A

Laryngotracheal groove (diverticulum)

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19
Q

What septum develops between the oesophagus and trachea to completely seperate them?

A

Oesophagotracheal septum

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20
Q

When is the development of the trachea and lung buds completed?

A

Week 8

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21
Q

What sometimes happens to the oesophagotracheal septum?

A

It does not completely seperate the trachea and the oesophagus

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22
Q

What are examples of diseases due to the septum not completely seperating the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Fistula

Atresia

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23
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What is an abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs called?

A

Fistula

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26
Q

What is an atresia?

A

A condition in which an orifice or passage in the body (usually abnormal) is closed or absent

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27
Q

What is the condition in which an orifice or passage in the body (usually abnormal) is closed or absent called?

A

Atresia

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28
Q

What stage is after the development of the trachea and lung buds (stage2)?

A

Development of the pleural cavities and pleurae

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29
Q

What is the process for the development of the pleural cavities and the pleurae?

A

1) As the lungs develop they acquire a layer of visercal pleura from the splanchnic mesoderm
2) The thoracic wall becomes lined by a lyer of parietal pleura, derived from somatic mesoderm
3) Gap between parietal and visceral pleurae called pleuroperitoneal canals (eventually becomes pleural cavities)
4) Pleuropericardial folds form around primitive heart deperating pleural cavities from pericardial cavity

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30
Q

What does the visceral and parietal pleura develop from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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31
Q

What develops into the pleural cavity?

A

Pleuroperitoneal canals

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32
Q

What does the pleuroperitoneal canals eventually develop into?

A

Pleural cavities

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33
Q

How is the pleural cavities seperated from the pericardial cavity?

A

Pleuropericardial folds form around primitive heart

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34
Q

What happens after the pleural membranes have formed?

A

They differentiate:

1) Lung buds punch into the visceral mesoderm
2) Mesoderm which covers the outside of the lung develops in the visceral pleural
3) Somatic mesoderm covering the body wall from the inside becomes the pleura, with the space between ebing the pleural cavity

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35
Q

What happens after the differentiation of the pleura?

A

Differentiation of the lung buds

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36
Q

What stages can the foetal period be divided into?

A

Pseudoglandular stage (7-17 weeks)

Canalicular stage (17-27 weeks)

Saccular stage (27-40 weeks)

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37
Q

When is the pseudoglandular stage from?

A

7-17 weeks

38
Q

When is the canalicular stage from?

A

17-27 weeks

39
Q

When is the saccular stage from?

A

27-40 weeks

40
Q

What happens during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Setup of all pulmonary structures except elements needed for gas exchange

41
Q

What happens during the canalicular stage?

A

Terminal bronchioles give rise to tubular tubes that make up respiratory part of the lung

Differentiation of epithelium into type II pneumocytes which will synthesis surfactant and flat cell type I pneumocytes

42
Q

What happens during the saccular stage?

A

Formation of alveolar sacs

Alveolar sacs progressively divide into smaller subunits leading to the formation of the alveoli

43
Q

What stage is the postnatal period composed of?

A

Alveolar stage

44
Q

When is the alveolar stage from?

A

Week 32 to 8 years

45
Q

What happens during the alveolar stage?

A

Formation of alveoli from terminal sacs

95% off adult-like alveoli formed postnatally

Alveoli enlarge

Number of respiratory bronchioles (and alveoli) increase as lungs enlarge, by age 8 number of alveoli reaches adult number (about 300 million)

46
Q

What percentage of adult like alveoli form postnatally?

A

95%

47
Q

By what age do you have your adult number of alveoli?

A

Age 8

48
Q

How much alveoli do you have by age 8?

A

About 300 million

49
Q

What does congenital conditions mean?

A

Present at birth

50
Q

What is a condition present at birth called?

A

Congenital

51
Q

What are examples of congenital conditions?

A

Surfactant and respiratory distress syndrome

Accessory lobes

Lobe of azygos vein

Ageneis of lung

52
Q

What does RDS stand up for?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

53
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome also known as?

A

Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

54
Q

What does HMD stand up for?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

55
Q

What percentage of neonatal disease does respiratory distress syndrome make up?

A

30%

56
Q

What is the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficiency

57
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Babies lungs are not fully developed and cannot provide enough oxygen

58
Q

What are accessory lobes?

A

Additional lobes

59
Q

What are additional lobes called?

A

Accessory lobes

60
Q

What is lobe of azygos vein?

A

Laterally displaced azygos vein creates a deep pleural fissure onto the right upper lobe

61
Q

What is it called when a latterally displaced azygos vein creates a deep pleural fissure onto the right upper lobe?

A

Lobe of azygos vein

62
Q

What is ageneis of the lung?

A

Unilateral or bilateral absence of lung tissue

63
Q

What is unilateral or bilateral absence of lung tissue called?

A

Ageneis of the lung

64
Q

What occurs after differentiation of the lung buds (step 4)?

A

Development of the diaphragm

65
Q

What are the 4 surrounding embryonic structures that develop into the diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus

Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

66
Q

What does the septum transversum become?

A

Central tendon

67
Q

What develops into the central tendon?

A

Septum transversum

68
Q

What does the pleuroperitoneal membranes become?

A

Primitive diaphragm

69
Q

What is the primitive diaphragm developed from?

A

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

70
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery of oesophagus become?

A

Median portion and crura of diaphragm

71
Q

What develops into the median portion and crura of the diaphragm?

A

Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus

72
Q

What does the muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls develop into?

A

Peripheral parts of the diaphragm

73
Q

What develops into the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?

A

Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

74
Q

Where is the septum transversum initially location?

A

Opposite C3-C5 somites (week 3)

75
Q

When is the septum transversum location opposite C3-5 somites?

A

Week 3

76
Q

What does the septum transversum do during the development of the diaphragm?

A

Migrates from C3-5, bringing down the spinal nerves with it (phrenic nerves)

77
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic (C3-5)

78
Q

What congenital abnormalities can occur during the development of the diaphragm?

A

Failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development

Herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest

Pulmonary hypoplasia

79
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

Incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in a low number of bronchopulmonary segments

80
Q

What is incomplete development of the lung, resulting in a low number of bronchopulmonary segments known as?

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

81
Q

What is a hernia?

A

General term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through a structure or muscle that usually contains it

82
Q

What are some examples of different kinds of hernia?

A

Posterolateral hernia

Anterior hernia

Central hernia

83
Q

What is A?

A

Posteolateral hernia

84
Q

What is B?

A

Anterior hernia

85
Q

What is C?

A

Central hernia

86
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Upper part of your stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm

87
Q

What is it called when the upper part of your stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm?

A

Hiatal hernia

88
Q

What are examples of hiatal hernia?

A

Sliding hiatus hernia

Paraeosophageal hiatus hernia

89
Q

What is A?

A

Sliding hiatus hernia

90
Q

What is B?

A

Paraeosophageal hiatus hernia

Respiratory System (37 decks)

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