Embryology and human development Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Embryology and human development Deck (28)
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1
Q

Most development takes place in the first 45 days. True or false?

A

True

2
Q

What are the six main stages of embryonic development?

A
Cleavage
Blastula
Gastrulation
Neuralation
Organogenesis
Enlargement
3
Q

What does the animal:vegetal pole determine?

A

the future anterior:posterior axis

4
Q

The anterior:posterior axis is determined by the oocyte. True or false?

A

True

5
Q

What is the dorso-ventral axis determined by?

A

The point of sperm entry

6
Q

What causes the rotation of the cortical cytoplasm?

A

the entry of sperm

7
Q

the proximal distal axis is important in limb formation. True or false?

A

True

8
Q

What is removed from the woman’s ovaries in IVF?

A

ova

9
Q

Which techniques are routinely used in IVF?

A

ovarian hyperstimulation to produce multiple eggs
ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval from ovaries
egg and sperm preparation
culture and selection of embryos before transfer into the uterus at approx 3-5 days after fertilisation

10
Q

At what developmental stage is IVF carried out?

A

late cleavage to early blastocyst formation

11
Q

The blastula is a hollow ball of cells. True or false?

A

True

12
Q

How does the blastocoel develop?

A

develops at the 16 cell stage via the action of Na+ pumps and osmosis

13
Q

What is a blastula?

A

A hollow ball of cells held together at the surface by tight junctions to form an epithelium

14
Q

In the formation of the gastrula, the single layered blastula becomes a __________ gastrula

A

3 layered

15
Q

What marks the point of invagination?

A

blastopore

16
Q

What are the 3 layers of gastrula?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

17
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

an infolding of the ectodermal layer along the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

18
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

a developmental disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the neural tube

19
Q

The incidence of spina bifida can be decreased by 70%. How can this be done?

A

The mother takes folic acid supplements prior to conception

20
Q

What is the precursor for the backbone?

A

The notochord

21
Q

What is the role of the ectoderm?

A

Gives rise to the skin, nervous system and sense organs

22
Q

What is the role of the mesoderm?

A

Gives rise to the connective tissues e.g. heart, skeleton, urogenital system

23
Q

What is the role of the endoderm?

A

Gives rise to the gut and associated organs e.g. lungs, liver, pancreas

24
Q

Is the embryonic body plan initially male or female?

A

Female and if the genes on the Y chromosome are expressed, the foetus develops into a male

25
Q

Which gene co-ordinates the changes between female to male?

A

SRY (Sex determining Region Y)

26
Q

At around 5-6 weeks of development, the cells of the primordial gonads are in a bipotential state. What does this mean?

A

They can become either male or female cells. SRY initiates testis differentiation by activating male-specific transcription factors that allow the ovarian cells to differentiate into testes

27
Q

What are corresponding parts in a male and female called?

A

homologous

28
Q

At how many weeks is an organism referred to as a foetus?

A

14

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