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Gross II Unit 3 > Embryology of the GI Tract/Stomach > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI Tract/Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three independent parts of the alimentary tract in early embryological development?

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

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2
Q

The foregut forms what structures?

A

Distal esophagus, stomach, and part of the duodenum

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3
Q

Where does the foregut end?

A

Second part of the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct

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4
Q

Where does the midgut begin and end?

A

Begins are the entrance of the bile duct into the second part of the duodenum and ends with the right 2/3 of the transverse colon

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5
Q

Where does the hindgut begin and end?

A

Begins with the left 1/3 of the transverse colon and ends in the upper part of the anal canal

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6
Q

Why are the three embryological divisions of the GI tract important?

A

The adult derivatives of each have a unified blood supply and autonomic nerve supply

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7
Q

All of the blood supply to the foregut, midgut, and hindgut come from what place?

A

Abdominal aorta

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8
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

Branches of the celiac trunk

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9
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

Branches of the superior mesenteric artery

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10
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of both the foregut and midgut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-T11)

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of both the foregut and midgut?

A

Vagus nerve

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the GI tract?

A

Decreased motility and tone and contraction of sphincters

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16
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the GI tract?

A

Increased motility and tone and relaxation of sphincters

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17
Q

What are the four major layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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18
Q

What layer of the gut wall is a mucous membrane (important for absorption) that contains the muscular mucosae with is a thin layer of smooth muscle?

A

Mucosa

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19
Q

Which layer of the gut wall is very vascular?

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

Which layer of the gut wall is a loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels and lymphatics?

A

Submucosa

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21
Q

What layer of the gut wall is a thick layer of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis?

A

Muscularis externa

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22
Q

Peristalsis moves in which direction?

A

Distally

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23
Q

The muscularis external consists of what two layers?

A

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

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24
Q

What is another name for visceral peritoneum of the gut wall?

A

Serosa

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25
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue coat covering retroperitoneal organs?

A

Adventitia

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26
Q

What is the name of the semi-independent regional system of nerves responsible for the gut?

A

Enteric nervous system

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27
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

Within the submucosa near its border with the muscularis externa

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28
Q

What do the postganglionic fibers of the submucosal plexus supply?

A

Muscularis mucosae and mucus secreting glands

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29
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis externa

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30
Q

What do the postganglionic fibers of the myenteric plexus supply?

A

Both layers of the muscularis externa

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31
Q

What action is the myenteric plexus responsible for?

A

Stimulation of peristalsis

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32
Q

What is the shape of the stomach when empty?

A

J-shaped

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33
Q

What is the capacity of the stomach?

A

2-3 liters

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34
Q

What are examples of foreign things the stomach can absorb?

A

Some drugs and alcohol

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35
Q

The stomach lies in what regions of the abdomen?

A

Left hypochondriac, epigastric, and umbilical regions

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36
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Storing and mixing food with gastric secretions, therefore converting it into chyme

37
Q

What part of the stomach is where the esophagus joins the stomach (surrounds the cardial orifice)?

A

Cardia

38
Q

What part of the stomach is above the cardia?

A

Fundus

39
Q

What part of the stomach is between the fundus and pyloric part?

A

Body

40
Q

What part of the stomach is the most distal portion and is adjacent to the duodenum?

A

Pyloric part

41
Q

What is the narrow distal part of the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

Pyloric canal

42
Q

What is the notch of the stomach called that is between the esophagus and fundus?

A

Cardial notch

43
Q

What is the notch of the stomach called that is between the body and pyloric part?

A

Angular incisure

44
Q

Where is the cardial orifice located?

A

Between the esophagus and fundus

45
Q

Where is the pyloric orifice located?

A

Between the stomach and duodenum

46
Q

What is the wide proximal part of the pyloric part of the stomach called?

A

Pyloric antrum

47
Q

What is the distal termination of the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

Pylorus

48
Q

What two things does the pylorus contain?

A

Pyloric orifice and pyloric sphincter

49
Q

What is the pyloric muscle?

A

Circular muscle layer which surrounds the pyloric orifice

50
Q

What does “pylorus” mean?

A

Gatekeeper

51
Q

Why does the mucous membrane of the stomach have gastric folds (rugae)?

A

Increased surface area and allows for stomach expansion

52
Q

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

A tumor-like increase in the size of the pyloric sphincter which reduces the size of the pyloric canal

53
Q

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is more common among what gender?

A

Males

54
Q

What does congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis result in?

A

Projectile vomiting

55
Q

What is the treatment for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Surgical intervention early in infancy

56
Q

What is pylorospasm?

A

Spasmodic contraction of pyloric sphincter

57
Q

What is the effect of pylorospasm?

A

Food does not pass easily from the stomach to the duodenum & the stomach becomes overly full leading to vomiting (possibly projectile)

58
Q

Pylorospasm can sometimes be present in what population?

A

Infants

59
Q

Subluxations of what area could play a role in pylorospasm?

A

T5-T9

60
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

A crater-like depression in the mucosa of the stomach

61
Q

What are the causes of a gastric ulcer?

A

Excess acid secretion (often related to stress) or inadequate mucus barrier (usually related to erosion due to the presence of bacteria)

62
Q

What is the mucous secreted by the stomach like?

A

Sticky, viscous, and alkaline

63
Q

Subluxation of what sympathetic area could play a role in gastric ulcers?

A

T5-T9 (affecting the secretion of gastric acid from parietal cells)

64
Q

Where does the stomach lie in reference to the pancreas?

A

Anterior

65
Q

Where does the stomach lie in reference to the lesser sac?

A

Anterior

66
Q

Where does the stomach lie in reference to the diaphragm?

A

Posterior

67
Q

Where does the stomach lie in reference to the left lobe of the liver?

A

Posterior

68
Q

Where does the stomach lie in reference to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Posterior

69
Q

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

Branches of the celiac trunk

70
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the celiac plexus to the stomach?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)

71
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the celiac plexus to the stomach?

A

Vagus nerve

72
Q

Where does the celiac trunk lie?

A

Immediately below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm as the first unpaired branch from the abdominal aorta

73
Q

What is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk that runs along the lesser curvature within the lesser omentum to anastomose with its right branch??

A

Left gastric artery

74
Q

What are the two types of branches of the left gastric artery?

A

Esophageal and gastric branches

75
Q

What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk that runs posterior to the stomach along the superior border of the pancreas to terminate in the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

76
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery?

A

Pancreatic branches, short gastric arteries, left gastro-omental artery, common hepatic artery

77
Q

What branch of the splenic artery goes to the fundus of the stomach?

A

Short gastric arteries

78
Q

What branch of the splenic artery runs to the right along the greater curvature of the stomach within the greater omentum?

A

Left gastro-omental artery

79
Q

What branch of the splenic artery runs to the right along the superior border of the pancreas?

A

Common hepatic artery

80
Q

When does the common hepatic artery become the hepatic artery proper?

A

After giving off the gastroduodenal artery

81
Q

What branch of the common hepatic artery descends behind the first part of the duodenum?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

82
Q

What branch of the gastroduodendal artery goes to the superior aspect of the duodenum?

A

Supraduodenal artery

83
Q

What branch of the gastroduodendal artery runs to the left along the greater curvature of the stomach along the pyloric part within the greater omentum?

A

Right gastro-omental artery

84
Q

What branch of the gastroduodenal artery passes between the duodenum and head of the pancreas?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

85
Q

What branch of the hepatic artery proper runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach within the lesser omentum to anastomose with its left?

A

Right gastric artery

86
Q

Which branch of the hepatic artery proper goes to the left lobe of the liver?

A

Left hepatic artery

87
Q

What branch of the hepatic artery proper goes to the right lobe of the liver?

A

Right hepatic artery

88
Q

What does the cystic artery supply?

A

Gall bladder

Gross II Unit 3 (8 decks)

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