Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards Preview

Ch. 15 Endocrine Pathology > Endocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

Flashcards in Endocrine Pancreas Deck (20)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Which type of GLUT receptor requires insulin

A

GLUT-4

on sk muscle and adipose tissue

2
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells located within the islets

A

alpha: peripheral
beta: central

3
Q

T1D results from what type of hypersensitivity

A

type IV

4
Q

T1D HLA associations

A

HLA-DR3 and -DR4

5
Q

Autoantibodies to this can been seen years before T1D develops

A

autoantibodies to insulin

6
Q

How does stress or infection lead to diabetic ketoacidosis

A

high epi leads to lipolysis
FA converted to ketones in liver
ketones put into blood

7
Q

Etiology of hyperkalemia in diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • insulin normally brings K+ into cells and
  • K+ buffers H+ in blood, so H+ enters cells and K+ leaves cells to buffer this
  • *but overall body K+ is actually low because much of the K+ is lost in the urine
8
Q

Tx of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

fluids
insulin
electrolyte monitoring and replacement (esp K+)

9
Q

K+ status in diabetic ketoacidosis

A

high serum K+
low total body K+
**low because much is lost in urine

10
Q

Etiology of T2D

A

end organ insulin resistance

due to decreased # of insulin receptors

11
Q

Insulin levels in T2D

A

initially high insulin levels
then low as beta cells become exhausted (reason for use of exogenous insulin late in disease)
**amyloid deposits in pancreatic islets

12
Q

Dx of diabetes

A

random glucose >200

fasting > 126

13
Q

Risk in T2D

A

hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

  • high glucose leads to severe diuresis
  • diuresis leads to hypovolemia
  • hypotension
  • coma
  • death
14
Q

2 types of complications from diabetes

A
non-enzymatic glycocylation
-atherosclerosis
-hyaline arteriolosclerosis
osmotic damage (Glc -> sorbital via aldose reductase)
-Schwann cells
-retinal pericytes
-lens of eye
15
Q

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis preferentially affects what part of the renal artery

A

efferent (reason for using ACE inhibitors, ATII also affects efferent arteriole preferentially)

16
Q

Osmotic damage of hyperglycemia mediated by this enzyme and process

A

Glc freely enters Schwann cells, retinal pericytes, and lens of eye
Glc —> sorbitol via aldose reductase
osmosis happens then cells die

17
Q

Osmotic damage to Schwann cells causes…

A

peripheral neuropathy

18
Q

Osmotic damage to retinal pericytes causes…

A

loss of capillary integrity
small aneurysms
retinal hemorrhage

19
Q

Osmotic damage to lens of eye causes…

A

cataracts

20
Q

Pancreatic endocine tumors associated with

A

MEN1
+ parathyroid hyperplasia
+ pituitary adenomas