Endocrine System 16.1-16.3 Flashcards Preview

DTCC Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine System 16.1-16.3 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Endocrine System 16.1-16.3 Deck (29)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

how does the endocrine system act with the nervous system

A

acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells.
- influences metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood responses slower but longer lasting than nervous system responses

2
Q

whats the 5 things the endocrine system controls and integrates

A

1- Reproduction
2- growth and development
3- maintence of electrolyre,water, and nutrient balance of blood
4- regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
5- Mobilization of body defenses

3
Q

exocrine glands

A

produce nonhormonal substances (examples:sweat, saliva) have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface

4
Q

Endocrine glands function

A

produces hormones, lacks ducts

5
Q

list some endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands

6
Q

whats a neuroendocrine organ

A

hypothalamus

7
Q

name the endocrine organs that have both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

pancreas, gonads, placenta

8
Q

what are other tissues and organs that produce hormones

A

adipose cells, thymus, cells in walls of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and hear

9
Q

whats the three endocrine chemical messengers of endocrine system

A

hormones
autocrines
paracrines

10
Q

hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals; tavel in blood or lyph

11
Q

Autocrine

A

chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secret them

12
Q

paracrines

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

13
Q

what are autocrines and paracrines

A

are local chemical messenger; not considered part of the endocrine system

14
Q

whats the two main classes of hormones

A

Amino acid-based hormones

steroids

15
Q

Amino acid-based hormoes

A

amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins

16
Q

steroids

A

synthesized from cholesterol gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

17
Q

whats a possible third class of hormones

A

eicosanoids, considered a hormone by some scientists but most classify it as a paracrine

18
Q

what cells are affected by hormones

A

though hormones circulate systemically, only cells with receptors for that hormone are affected

19
Q

target cells

A

tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

20
Q

what do hormones do to target cell activity

A

hormones alter target cell activity

21
Q

hormone action on target cells may do what

A

alter plasma membrane permability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels

22
Q

what can hormones stimulate, activate, and induce

A

they stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins

activate or deactivate enzymes

induce secretory activity

stimulate mitosis

23
Q

whats the two ways, depending on their chemical nature and receptor location

A

Water soluble

lipid-soluble

24
Q

describe water soluble receptor location

A

water soluble- all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone)

  • act on plasma membrane receptors
  • act via G protein second messengers
  • cant enter the cell
25
Q

describe Lipid-soluble receptor location

A

(steroid and thyroid hormones)

  • act on intracellular receptors that dircetly activate genes
  • can enter the cell
26
Q

whats cyclic AMP

A

a signaling mechanism

27
Q

describe the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism

A
  • hormone(first messenger) binds to receptor
  • receptor activates a G protein
  • G protein activates or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase then converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  • cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate (add a phosphate) other proteins
  • phosphorylated proteins are then either activated or inactivated
  • cAMP is rapidy degraded by enzyme phosphodiesterase, stopping cascade
  • cascades have huge amplification effect
28
Q

what can lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormone diffuse into

A

into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors

29
Q

how do lipid-soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormone can diffuse into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors

A

receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to specific region of DNA

  • Helps initiate DNA transcription to produce mRNA
  • mRNA is then translated into specific protein
  • proteins synthesized have various functions
  • ex: metabolic activites, structural purposes, or exported from the cell