Endoscopic Tour of the GI Tract Flashcards Preview

2.3.5. Gastrointestinal System > Endoscopic Tour of the GI Tract > Flashcards

Flashcards in Endoscopic Tour of the GI Tract Deck (30)
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1
Q

Describe the diff endoscopic and laparoscopic tools available to investigate the GI tract

A

endoscopy = visualise GI tract

Caliber nasendoscopes = pharynx and larynx

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and pancreatography (ERCP) = biliary or pancreatic ductal systems

Capsular endoscopy = small bowel

Colonoscopy = colon

2
Q

What is barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Long term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Metaplasia = stratified squamous ep to simple columnar ep with goblet cells

3
Q

What is hiatus hernia?

A

Weakness in the oesophageal hiatus (opening in the diaphragm, oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through) allows the cardia and the fundus of the stomach to herniate into the thorax

4
Q

What are oesophageal varicies?

A

Extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the oesophagus

Mixed venous drainage into the portal system

Most commonly due to portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis

5
Q

Outline dysphagia

A

Difficulty/discomfort swallowing

Achalasia = failure of smooth muscle fibres to relax, sphincter to remain closed

Malignancy

Benign stricture = narrowing of oesophagus

6
Q

Discuss gastric ulceration

A

Commonly benign, on lesser curve at the angulus

Malignancy suspected if irregular margins

7
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

SI is hypersensitive to gluten = inflam = diff digesting food

Vili and crypts atrophy

8
Q

Why would the oesophagus be dilated?

A

Procedure to correct narrowing, due to scaring from reflux

Anaesthetic throat spray, endoscope, dilation with a balloon or plastic dilators

9
Q

How does oesophageal perforation occur?

A

Vomit against a closed epiglottis

Iatrogenic

10
Q

What is boerhaave syndrome?

A

Rupture of oesophageal wall due to vomiting = sudden increase in intraesophageal press combined with relatively -ve intrathoracic pressure

11
Q

What are gallstones and why do they form?

A

Either in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Made up of mainly cholesterol

Cause = high cholesterol, bilirubin. Incomplete/infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become over-concentrated and contribute to gall formation

12
Q

What is a choledocoduodenal fistula?

A

Fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the duodenum

13
Q

What is gallstone ileus?

A

Rare form of small bowel obstruction caused by an impaction of a gallstone within the lumen of the SI

14
Q

What are duodenal ulcers and the cause?

A

crater in the lining of the beginning of SI

caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori

Other factors predisposing a person to ulcers include anti-inflam meds and smoking

15
Q

Describe peritonitis

A

inflam of the peritoneum, typically caused by bacterial infection either via the blood or after rupture of an abdominal organ.

16
Q

What is zollinger-ellison syndrome?

A

gastrin-secreting tumour or hyperplasia of the islet cells in the pancreas causes overproduction of gastric acid, resulting in recurrent peptic ulcers

17
Q

What is aorta-duodenal fistula and its cause?

A

Connection between the aorta and duodenum

Usually secondary to abdominal aortic aneurysm

18
Q

Outline SMA syndrome

A

Superior mesenteric artery

gastro-vascular disorder in which the third and final portion of the duodenum is compressed between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the overlying superior mesenteric artery

19
Q

What is the cause of obstructive jaundice?

A

Blockage of the bile ducts or abnormal retention of bile in the liver

Gallstones, tumours

Bile remains in bloodstream

20
Q

When is the pringle manoeuvre used?

A

Surgical manoeuvre in some abdo ops

Clamping the petatoduodenal ligament = interrupting blood flow through hepatic artery and portal vein = control bleeding from liver

21
Q

Obstruction of the caecum can cause what?

A

May dilate to the point of necrosis or perforation

if the ileocaecal valve is competent it prevents back flow of excess air and colonic contents which may not pass distally

22
Q

Discuss colonic tumours

A

20% occur in the caecum and right side of the colon

often present with a mass

change in bowel habit, iron def anaemia, pain

23
Q

What is an appendicitis?

A

inflam of appendix

Caused by blockage of the hollow portion

24
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Condition of having multiple pouches (diverticula) in the colon (not inflamed)

These are out-pockets of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall

25
Q

Outline diverticulitis

A

Pouches within the large bowel wall become inflamed

Can have bloody stool

26
Q

What are the characteristics of ulcerative colitis?

A

Tends to occur in the rectum and spread proximally throughout the colon

Area of inflam are continuous and the mucosa is highly friable

27
Q

What are the characteristics of crohns?

A

Patch or focal areas of inflam = skip lesions

Ulcers are deep and fissuring = cobble stone

28
Q

What are haemorrhoids and how does the position impact pain?

A

Dilation of the superior rectal veins

If confined above the dentate line = painless

If they extend below the dentate line where the nervous innervation is somatic = extremely painful

29
Q

What are tumours in upper rectum?

A

Above the dentate line will be adenocarcinoma

30
Q

What are tumours in lower rectum?

A

Below the dentate line are generally squamous cell carcinoma