Exam 1 Flashcards
What glands secrete substances in response to stimuli
Endocrine glands
What are the endocrine glands
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancrease Adrenal glands Gonads Placenta
What is an Agonist in terms of Endocrinology
Molecule that binds to a receptor and causes a biologic response (normal)
What is an antagonist in terms of endocrinology
M/C binds to receptor and block binding of the agonist (drugs)
What is negative feed back
Process that prevents over activity of the system to ensure correct hormone levels at target cells
How does Negative feedback regulate cells
Control secretion
Change cells activity
Gene transcription/translation
What is positive feedback
Secretion of a hormone causes more secretion of a hormone
What is an example of positive feedback
Child birth
Oxytocin is released at time of birth to help with uterine contractions and attachment to child
What is the set point of a hormone
The point that determines the appropriated response to maintain homeostasis
What is another name for hormone set point
Homeostasis
What are the two types of daily cyclic and periodic variation
Diurnal
Circadian
What is a type of circannual cyclic and periodic varriation
Seasonal
How are peptides and catecholamines transported through the body
Dissolve in plasma
Diffuse out of capilaries
go through interstitial fluid to target cells
Are peptides and catecholamines water soluble
Yes
How do steroid and thyroid hormones travel through the blood
Circulate in blood attached to plasma proteins
What is clearance of hormones
removal of hormones in blood
What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is higher than clearance
It will increase
What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is lower than clearance
Concentration will decrease
What is hormone resistance
Hormone levels can be elevated but cells wont recognize the hormone
What is metabolic clearance rate
Number of mililiters of plasma cleared of horomone/per min
What clears blood of steroid hormones
The liver
how does the liver get rid of steroid hormones
Conjugates them and excretes it in bile
Where are hormone receptors located
Cell membrane
Cell cytoplasm
Nucleus
What are the different types of signaling occur after the hormone receptor complex forms
Intracellular signaling Secondary messenger (cAMP)
What protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase
Gs protein
What does adenylyl cyclase increase
cAMP
Where does the pituitary gland originate from
Rathke’s pouch
How many peptide hormones are made in the pituitary
6
What are the 6 peptide hormones that the pituitary is responsible for
Growth hormone FSH/LH Thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH Prolactin Endorphins
What does somatotropin do
Growth of body
Protein formation
Cell proliferation
What does Adrenocorticotropin do
Metabolism of glucose, proteins and fat
What does prolactin do
develop mammary glands
Milk production
What does LH do
Stimulate ovulation cycle
sperm production in males
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
What is oxytocin most important in
Uterine contractions
What does Vasopressin do
Stimulate water retention
Raise BP
What does Pars intermedia do
Synthesizes and store melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
What controls pituitary secretions
Hypothalamus
Where are the neurons that release inhibitory factors that prevent anterior pituitary secretions
Median eminence
What releases Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
What releases adrenocorticotropin
Corticotropin releaseing hormone
What releases growth hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
What releases LH and FSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
What inhibits prolactin
Prolactin inhibitory homrone
Growth hormone decrease the rate of glucose utilization, what does that mean to the rest of the body
Enhances body protein
Use fat stores
Carbohydrate conservation
Where is the site of synthesis of GH or Somatotropin
Adenohypophysis
What class of hormone is GH and Somatotropin
PPP (protein, polypeptide, peptide)