Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What glands secrete substances in response to stimuli

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

What are the endocrine glands

A
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancrease
Adrenal glands
Gonads
Placenta
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3
Q

What is an Agonist in terms of Endocrinology

A

Molecule that binds to a receptor and causes a biologic response (normal)

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4
Q

What is an antagonist in terms of endocrinology

A

M/C binds to receptor and block binding of the agonist (drugs)

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5
Q

What is negative feed back

A

Process that prevents over activity of the system to ensure correct hormone levels at target cells

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6
Q

How does Negative feedback regulate cells

A

Control secretion
Change cells activity
Gene transcription/translation

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7
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Secretion of a hormone causes more secretion of a hormone

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8
Q

What is an example of positive feedback

A

Child birth

Oxytocin is released at time of birth to help with uterine contractions and attachment to child

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9
Q

What is the set point of a hormone

A

The point that determines the appropriated response to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

What is another name for hormone set point

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

What are the two types of daily cyclic and periodic variation

A

Diurnal

Circadian

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12
Q

What is a type of circannual cyclic and periodic varriation

A

Seasonal

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13
Q

How are peptides and catecholamines transported through the body

A

Dissolve in plasma
Diffuse out of capilaries
go through interstitial fluid to target cells

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14
Q

Are peptides and catecholamines water soluble

A

Yes

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15
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones travel through the blood

A

Circulate in blood attached to plasma proteins

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16
Q

What is clearance of hormones

A

removal of hormones in blood

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17
Q

What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is higher than clearance

A

It will increase

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18
Q

What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is lower than clearance

A

Concentration will decrease

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19
Q

What is hormone resistance

A

Hormone levels can be elevated but cells wont recognize the hormone

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20
Q

What is metabolic clearance rate

A

Number of mililiters of plasma cleared of horomone/per min

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21
Q

What clears blood of steroid hormones

A

The liver

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22
Q

how does the liver get rid of steroid hormones

A

Conjugates them and excretes it in bile

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23
Q

Where are hormone receptors located

A

Cell membrane
Cell cytoplasm
Nucleus

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24
Q

What are the different types of signaling occur after the hormone receptor complex forms

A
Intracellular signaling
Secondary messenger (cAMP)
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25
Q

What protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase

A

Gs protein

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26
Q

What does adenylyl cyclase increase

A

cAMP

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27
Q

Where does the pituitary gland originate from

A

Rathke’s pouch

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28
Q

How many peptide hormones are made in the pituitary

A

6

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29
Q

What are the 6 peptide hormones that the pituitary is responsible for

A
Growth hormone
FSH/LH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
Prolactin
Endorphins
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30
Q

What does somatotropin do

A

Growth of body
Protein formation
Cell proliferation

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31
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropin do

A

Metabolism of glucose, proteins and fat

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32
Q

What does prolactin do

A

develop mammary glands

Milk production

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33
Q

What does LH do

A

Stimulate ovulation cycle

sperm production in males

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34
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

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35
Q

What is oxytocin most important in

A

Uterine contractions

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36
Q

What does Vasopressin do

A

Stimulate water retention

Raise BP

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37
Q

What does Pars intermedia do

A

Synthesizes and store melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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38
Q

What controls pituitary secretions

A

Hypothalamus

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39
Q

Where are the neurons that release inhibitory factors that prevent anterior pituitary secretions

A

Median eminence

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40
Q

What releases Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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41
Q

What releases adrenocorticotropin

A

Corticotropin releaseing hormone

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42
Q

What releases growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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43
Q

What releases LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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44
Q

What inhibits prolactin

A

Prolactin inhibitory homrone

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45
Q

Growth hormone decrease the rate of glucose utilization, what does that mean to the rest of the body

A

Enhances body protein
Use fat stores
Carbohydrate conservation

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46
Q

Where is the site of synthesis of GH or Somatotropin

A

Adenohypophysis

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47
Q

What class of hormone is GH and Somatotropin

A

PPP (protein, polypeptide, peptide)

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48
Q

What is the primary function of GH and somatotorpin in children and adults

A
Children = Increase linear height
Adults = Stimulate metabolism
49
Q

how does GH and somatotropin stimulate metabolism

A

stimulate protein anabolism
stimulate CHO metabolism
stimulate lipid catabolism

50
Q

Can GH and Somatotropin increase blood glucose

A

Yes

51
Q

Can GH and Somatotropin increase BP. If so how

A

yes, by increasing solutes in plasma

52
Q

What are ALL the functions of GH and Somatotropin

A
Increase height in children
Stimulate metabolism
Increase blood glucose
Increase BP
Increase Plasma calcium
Increase renal reabsorption of sodium and phosphorus
Increase immune response
Increase O2 transport
Breast development
Milk production
53
Q

Where is somatostatin synthesised

A

Hypothalamus
Stomach
Small intestine
Isle of Langerhans

54
Q

What chemical class is somatostatin

A

PPP

55
Q

Do statins increase or decrease hormone production

A

Decrease

56
Q

What is the primary function of somatostatin

A

Decrease synthesis of STH
Decrease Insulin
Decrease Glucagon

57
Q

Where is insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1)and Somatomedin (SM) synthesised

A

Liver

Kidney

58
Q

What is the primary function of igf-1 and SM

A

increase linear height by

Stimulating osteoblast cell activity

59
Q

What is the primary function of Somatoliberian (SRF)

A

increase STH secretion

60
Q

What is the secondary function of Somatoliberian (SRF)

A

increase all hormones of adenohypophysis

61
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone synthesized

A

Adenohypophysis

62
Q

What is the chemical class of TSH

A

PPP

63
Q

What is the function of TSH

A

Stimulate development and maintenance of the thyroid gland

Secretion of thyroxine

64
Q

What would happen is there was suddenly no TSH

A

The thyroid gland would not work

65
Q

What are the secondary function of TSH

A
Increase metabolism
Increase blood plasma
Increase BP
increase immune response
Increase memory
66
Q

Where is Corticotropin Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) synthesised

A

POMC cells of Adenohypophysis

67
Q

What chemical class is ACTH

A

PPP

68
Q

What is the function of ACTH

A

Stimulate the development and maintenance of the adrenal gland and secretion of Cortisol

69
Q

What is the most powerful hormone controller of adrenal glands

A

ACTH

70
Q

What are the secondary functions of ACTH

A

Increase metabolism
Increase Plasma glucose
Increase BP

71
Q

what are the side effects of excessive ACTH

A

Decreased immune response
Increase memory
Increase pigmentation

72
Q

Where are Luteotropin and prolactin synthesised

A

Lutreotropes and prolactin cells of the adenohypophysis

73
Q

What is the primary function of LTH and PRL

A

Stimulate development of mammary glands

Stimulates milk production

74
Q

What is the secondary function of LTH and PRL

A

Increase metabolism
Increase plasma glucose
Increase BP
increase immune response

75
Q

What are the side effects of excessive LTH and PRL

A

decrease reproduction
Secrete androgens
Stimulate growth in children

76
Q

How does LTH or PRL decrease reproduction

A

Decrease sex hormones

77
Q

Where is FSH synthesised

A

Gonadotrope in the adenohypophysis

78
Q

Who is LTH high in

A

Mothers that are breast feeding

79
Q

What is the primary function of FSH

A

Stimulates the gonads to produce gametes

80
Q

What does FSH do in men

A

Stimulate seminiferous tubules to produce spermatozoa

81
Q

What does FSH do in women

A

Stimulates the ovaries to produce ovum

82
Q

What does activin do

A

Stimulate secretion of FSH

83
Q

What is the site of Activin synthesis

A

Sertoli cells

Granulosa of ovaries

84
Q

What does Inhibin do

A

Decrease the secretion of FSH

85
Q

Where is Inhibin synthesised

A

Sertoli cells

Granulosa of ovaries

86
Q

Where is LH synthesised

A

Gonadotrophs - adenohypophysis

87
Q

What is the chemical class of LH

A

PPP

88
Q

What is the primary function of LH

A

Stimulate gonads to produce androgens, estrogens, progesterone

89
Q

What does LH do with women

A

Maturation of the Follicle
Ovulation
Development of corpus luteum

90
Q

What secondary effects does LH have on the body

A

Increase Immunity
Increase Blood glucose
Increase Metabolism
Increase BP

91
Q

What is the primary function of Endorphins

A

Decrease pain stimuli

Decrease reproduction

92
Q

Where are endorphins synthesised

A

Placenta
Thalamus
Spinal cord

93
Q

What controls the secretion of Endorphins

A

Pain stimuli
Stress
Strenuous exercise

94
Q

What hormones increase memory

A

MSH
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

95
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

96
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone synthesised

A

Supra-optic Nuclei

97
Q

What is the primary function of ADH

A

Increase renal reabsorption

98
Q

What are secondary functions of ADH

A
Vasoconstriction, increase BP
Increase Immune system
Increse secretion of STH and ACTH, Prostaglandins
Increase metabolism
Increase blood glucose
Increase digestion
increase memory
99
Q

What gives neurological control of ADH

A

Impulse down Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

100
Q

What gives physiological control of ADH

A

if there is an increase or drop in BP

101
Q

What are antagonists to ADH used for those with congestive heart failure and Hyponatremia

A

Vasopressin

102
Q

What is caused by the decreased output of antidiuretic hormone

A

Central diabetes insipidus

103
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Central diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypotension
Increased plasma concentration

104
Q

How does the body compensate for Central diabetes insipidus

A

Production of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex

105
Q

what is caused by a decreased sensitivity to ADH

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

106
Q

What are the physicial characteristics of Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypotension
Increased plasma concentration

107
Q

What drug can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

108
Q

what is SIADH

A

excessive release of ADH

109
Q

What does SIADH do

A

Increase blood volume

Dilutes the plasma sodium (can cause cerebral edema)

110
Q

What can cause SIADH

A

Strokes
Head trauma
Brain tumors
Cancer

111
Q

Where is Oxytocin synthesised

A

Paraventricular Nuclei of hypothalamus

112
Q

What does Oxytocin do

A

Stimulate milk release
Stimulate parturition
Stimulate uterine shrinkage after birth

113
Q

What are some secondary side effects of Oxytocin

A

Increased renal re-absorption of water

Decrease memory

114
Q

What is the neurological control of Oxytocin release

A

Myometrium OT stimulates smooth mucles contractions of uterus
Ferguson Reflex

115
Q

What is the trust hormone

A

Oxytocin

116
Q

How are physiological ways to secrete oxytocin

A

Hugging
Shaking hands
Playing with pets

117
Q

How can oxytocin help with wound healings

A

Anti-inflammatory properties

118
Q

What does a reduction of oxytocin do to diet

A

Increase diet and may cause obesity