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Flashcards in exam 1 Deck (44)
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1
Q

descriptive ethics

A

scientific study of morality

2
Q

3 major divisions in ethics

A

Metaethics
Normative
Applied

3
Q

definition of meta ethics and a brief explanation

A

study of the meaning and justification of basic moral belief.

questions what makes a action or a person good.
questions the origins of the words good/bad and various ethical systems

4
Q

definition of normative ethics and a brief explanation

A

search for and justify moral standards or norms.

how to act and what course of action should be taken.
generates most ethical theories.

5
Q

define applied ethics and briefly explain

A

use moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.

goes beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice. questions like whether or not abortion is correct.

6
Q

normative judgement

A

study of how people should behave.

aimed at sorting out what behaviors would be best

7
Q

descriptive judgement

A

study of people do behave and how they think they should behave.

look at people as they are and not as they should be

8
Q

naturalistic fallacy

A

argument that derives what it ought to be done from what it is

informal logical fallacy which argues that is something is natural it must be good.

9
Q

two main types of ethical theories

A

consequentialist/ teleological moral theories

non-consequentialist/ deontological moral theories

10
Q

consequentialist/ teleological moral theories

A

base moral judgement on consequences

producing results

11
Q

non-consequentialist/ deontological moral theories

A

actions can be right or wrong regardless of consequences

duty based

don’t care about suffering just results

12
Q

4 main elements of ethics

A

preeminence of reason
universal perspective
principle of impartiality
dominance of moral norms

13
Q

intrinsic value

A

value something has in itself

14
Q

instrumental value

A

value something has because it helps us to get or achieve some other thing

15
Q

moral agent

A

beings who can make and act upon moral judgements.

have rights only if one is a full member of the moral community with duties and responsibilities

16
Q

moral patient

A

object of moral concern

matters morally and has value to us

are extended certain rights and protections but do not have correlation

17
Q

premise

A

statement supporting the conclusion

18
Q

conclusion

A

statement being supported

19
Q

two types of common arguments in reasoning

A

deductive arguments

inductive arguments

20
Q

deductive arguments

A

give logically conclusive support to conclusion so the premise is true.
conclusion must be true
has proper logical structure that’s valid
doesn’t have proper logical structure to be valid

21
Q

inductive argument

A

give probable support to conclusion.
establish that premise is true then the conclusion is probably true.
succeed in lending probable support support to strong conclusion.
if they fail to provide probable support then its a weak argument.

22
Q

what’s needed to have a good deductive argument

A

a valid logical structure

23
Q

to have a good inductive argument you need

A

strong probable support for their conclusion.

strong arguments with a true premise must have a true conclusion

24
Q

good moral arguments have

A

at least one moral premise and at least one non moral premise

25
Q

straw man fallacy

A

misrepresenting a persons views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed

26
Q

appeal to the person fallacy

A

reject a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person, not because the statement itself is false or dubious

27
Q

appeal to popularity fallacy

A

arguing that aa claim must be true not because it s beached by good reason but simply because many people believe it

28
Q

appeal to ignorance

A

argue either that a claim is true because it hasn’t been proven false or a claim is false because it hasn’t been proven true

29
Q

false dilemma fallacy

A

arguing erroneously that since there are only two alternatives to choose from, and one is unacceptable, the other must be true

30
Q

begging the question fallacy

A

try to prove a conclusion by using the same conclusion as support

31
Q

slippery slope fallacy

A

arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitable to other actions resulting in dire outcomes

32
Q

moral statement/ claims

A

affirm that action is right or wrong or that a persons character or motive is good or bad

33
Q

nonmoral statement/ claim

A

statement that does not affirm that an action is right or wrong that a person is a good or bad

34
Q

subjective/ individual rleativism

A

view that an action is right if one approves it.

are a matter of preference

35
Q

cultural relativism

A

view that an action is right if ones culture approves of it moral rightness and wrongness are relative to cultures

differ from culture to culture and there are no objective moral principles

36
Q

reasons supporting ethical relativism **

A

moral diversity: there is no agreement on basic moral principles.

moral uncertainty: we do not know what is right or if anything is right or wrong

situational differences: times and places are different, one moral code could not possibly be right for all

37
Q

reasons against ethical relativism **

A

moral diversity: disagreement doesn’t not prove there is no truth.

moral uncertainty: maybe we don’t know yet, may be unsure if we can know, but not knowing does not prove we can’t know.

situational differences: maybe same underlying values, just expresses differently

38
Q

descriptive ethical relativism

A

in different cultures the variant is the sense of morality: the mores, customs, and ethical principles vary from one culture to another

39
Q

moral objectivism

A

the idea that at least some moral standard are objective

can be absolutists about moral principles

position that moral truths exist independently from opinion

40
Q

moral theory

A

explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good.

focus is not on rightness or goodness but the nature or rightness or goodness itself

need to weighed against our considered moral judgements

41
Q

two types of consequentialist theories

A

utilitarianism

ethical egoism

42
Q

ultilitariantisn

A

morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil; EVERYONE CONSIDERED

can be act- ( directly produces gates overall good) or rule- (a genial rule produces the greatest overall good)

43
Q

ethical egoism

A

morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for ONESELF

44
Q

types of nonconsequentialist theories

A

Kants theory - action is right if its done in accordance with the categorical imperative

natural law theory - action is morally right if it follows the dictates of nature