Exam 1 Part 4 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Exam 1 Part 4 Deck (34)
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1
Q

How is toughness measured?

A

by the total energy required to cause material failure; total area under the stress/strain curve

2
Q

Rank in order of toughness: bone, ligament, tendon.

A

tendons are tougher than ligaments which are tougher than bones

3
Q

Which is more ductile, tendons or ligaments?

A

ligaments

4
Q

Rank in order of strength: tendons, ligaments, bones.

A

bones are stronger than tendons which are stronger than ligaments

5
Q

What is the term for the ability to return to the original shape when the load is removed?

A

elasticity

6
Q

What is the yield point?

A

the point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

7
Q

What is the term for the nonlinear response of the material after yield point where some deformation will persist after removal of the stress?

A

plastic region

8
Q

What is the term for the property of materials to resist loads that produce shear or tensile forces?

A

Viscosity

9
Q

What does viscous stretch refer to?

A

Viscous (plastic) stretch refers to putty-like behavior: the linear deformation produced by tensile stress remains even after the stress is removed

10
Q

What three time dependent characteristics will viscoelastic structures show?

A

creep, hysteresis, and relaxation

11
Q

What is creep?

A

continued deformation over time when constantly loaded which occurs dues to the expulsion of water

12
Q

What is the eventual decrease in stress which corresponds to creep, that will occur as a fluid is no longer exuded?

A

Relaxation

13
Q

What is the term for the energy loss exhibited by viscoelastic materials when they are subjected to loading and unloading cycles?

A

hysteresis

14
Q

What is the toe region?

A

normal range of motion requiring little force

15
Q

T/F: Grade one sprains are considered micro-failure.

A

True

16
Q

T/F: Grade Two sprains are considered micro-failure.

A

False; Grade two (and three) sprains are macro-failure

17
Q

What are the 3 characteristic stages of healing strains/sprains?

A

inflammation, repair, and remodeling

18
Q

T/F: Inflammation, repair and remodeling which follow strains/sprains are distinct stages that do not overlap.

A

False; inflammation can last 72 hours while repair can begin at 48 hours. Also, repair can last up to 6 weeks while remodeling can begin at 3 weeks.

19
Q

T/F: A sprain is an injury to a tendon.

A

False; sprain=ligament, strain=tendon

Think about straining your muscles to lift something heavy. Or just that tendon and strain both have a “T”

20
Q

What muscles are most at risk of straining?

A

fusiform muscles crossing 2 joints: hamstrings, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, biceps brachii

21
Q

Which grades of strains will be painful to contract? Which may have a palpable defect?

A

Grade 1 and 2;

Grade 3

22
Q

What grade of strain will involve about 1/4-1/2 of the muscle/tendon torn?

A

Grade two strain

23
Q

T/F: A grade 1 strain will show little or no weakness or loss of function.

A

True

24
Q

Would an injury to a capsule be considered a strain or a sprain?

A

Sprain (non-contractile tissues)

25
Q

T/F: All grades of sprains will show a decrease in range of motion.

A

False; 1 and 2 decrease, but grade 3 may show an increased ROM

26
Q

When is a joint capsule at a Loose Pack Position?

A

When the capsule has the most slack and the joint is at its resting position

27
Q

When is a joint capsule in the Closed Pack Position?

A

When the joint surfaces are in the closest approximation

28
Q

When are the spinal facets in a close pack position? Glenohumeral joint?

A

during extension

abduction and external rotation

29
Q

T/F: All joints with a capsule have a capsular pattern which are patterns of restriction in a joint.

A

True

30
Q

What is it called when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?

A

Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder

31
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the spine?

A

lateral flexion with rotation and extension

32
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the hip joint?

A

flexion, abduction, and internal rotation

33
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint?

A

abduction with rotation

34
Q

What are some non-capsular patterns that can arise from anomalies causing joint restriction?

A

joint mice, impingements, plica, and other internal derangements