The invasion of the host by a pathogen is known as what?
infection
What results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (aka morbidity)?
disease
What is the term for a microorganism’s ability to cause disease?
pathogenicity
What is the term for how easy it is for an organism to cause disease?
virulence
What is the term for the degree of pathogenicity?
virulence
What is the term for the ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses?
antigenicity
T/F: signs are characteristics of disease felt only by the patient.
False; these are symptoms.
T/F: signs are manifestations of disease observed or measured by others.
True
T/F: signs are objective and symptoms are subjective
true
What is the term for a group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition?
syndrome
T/F: pain, chills, lethargy and itching are all signs.
False; these are symptoms
T/F: anemia, diarrhea, fever and swelling are all signs.
true
carcino-
cancer
col-, colo-
colon
dermato-
skin
-emia
pertaining to blood
endo-
inside
-gen, gen-
give rise to
hepat-
liver
idio-
unknown
-itis
inflammation
-oma
tumor or swelling
-osis
condition of
-patho, patho-
abnormal
septi-
literally, rotting; refers to presence of pathogens
terato-
defects
tox-
poison
What are the three parts of the triad/triangle of health?
host, agent, and environment
When the 3 parts of the triad of health are in balance, what results? when they are out of balance?
health; disease
Adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and anitphagocytic factors are all what?
virulence factors-contribute to virulence
T/F: if a microorganism is unable to make attachment proteins it is avirulent.
true
What is formed when bacterial pathogens attach to each other?
biofilm
What secretes extracellular enzymes that dissolve structural chemicals in the body?
pathogens
What is the term for chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage?
toxins
What are the two types of toxins mentioned in class that affect the virulence of infectious agents?
exotoxins and endotoxins
T/F: cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins are all endotoxins.
False; these are exotoxins
What is an example of Endotoxins mentioned in class?
lipid A
What prevents phagocytosis of infectious agents by the host’s phagocytic cells?
antiphagocytic factors
What stage is between infection and the first signs/symptoms?
incubation period
What stage is a short period of generalized, mild symptoms?
Prodromal period
What stage is the most severe stage where signs/symptoms are most evident?
illness
What stage is considered the immune response or treatment to vanquish pathogens where the body slowly returns to normal?
decline
At what stage of infectious disease does the patient recover from illness, tissues get repaired, and the body returns to normal?
convalescence
What has a longer incubation period, cholera or influenza?
cholera
What has a longer incubation period, Tetanus or AIDS?
AIDS
T/F: earwax is considered a portal of exit.
True
T/F: breastmilk is sterile and therefore is not a portal of exit
false
Are fomites more involved in direct or indirect contact modes of transmission?
indirect
Waterborne, foodborne, fecal-oral, and bodily fluids are all what mode of transmission?
vehicle transmission
What are the two types of vector transmission?
biological or mechanical
T/F: parenteral transmission is the mode of transmission from mother to baby.
False; perinatal is the mode of transmission from mother to baby
What are the 5 modes of transmission?
contact, vehicle, vector, airborne, and perinatal
What are arthropod vectors?
animals that carry pathogens
T/F: biological vectors only carry the pathogen.
False; biological vectors serve as host for pathogen
T/F: biological vectors only carry the pathogen.
False; mechanical vectors only carry the pathogen.
What two classes of arthropod do disease vectors belong to?
arachnids and insects
What are the only arachnids that can be vectors?
ticks and mites
T/F: spiders are arachnid vectors.
False
What are the most important arachnid vectors?
ticks
What are the most important insect vectors?
mosquitoes
What are the most important and common of all vectors?
mosquitoes