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Flashcards in exam 2 Dx Deck (22)
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1
Q

how do we diagnose 2,4-D toxicity?

A
  • GI damage and degeneration of kidneys and liver
  • rumen stasis
  • increased ALP, LDH, CK
  • history of ingestion
2
Q

how so we diagnose paraquat/diquat toxicity?

A
  • pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, fibrosis, failure of lungs to collapse
  • lingual ulcers
  • liver, kidney, spleen may be congested and enlarged
3
Q

how to we diagnose PCP tox?

A
  • rapid rigor mortis, local irritation of skin and MM, pulmonary congestion and edema, degenerative changes in liver
  • dark blood (oxygen deprivation)
  • hyperkeratosis and villous like hyperplasia in UB mucosa in chronic cases
  • blood and urine antemortem
  • kidney and skin postmortem
4
Q

how do we diagnose organic arsenic tox?

A
  • chemical analysis - specimens are suspected in feed, liver, and kidney
  • history of exposure, microscopic peripheral nerve demyelination and chem analysis
5
Q

how do we diagnose inorganic arsenic tox?

A
  • urine is best antemortem
  • liver and kidney best post mortem
  • GI contents, vomitus, feces, milk, and suspected source
  • normal tissue residues are 0.5ppm
    more than 7-10ppm in kidney or liver is strong indication
  • increased PCV and BUN
6
Q

how do we diagnose copper tox?

A
  • chem - increased serum or WB, increased liver and kidney Cu, increased liver enzymes
  • Hx, sudden onset of hemoglobinuria, jaundice, signs of shock, resp insufficiency, lesions of hemolysis
7
Q

how do we diagnose molybdenum tox?

A
  • increased Mo in blood and liver
  • decreased Cu in blood and liver
  • decreased cytochrome oxidase activity
8
Q

how do we diagnose selenium tox?

A
  • increased Se (>2ppm in acute, >5ppm in chronic)
  • acute - blood, kidney, liver
  • chronic - hair and hoof
  • blood of plasma glutathione peroxidase activity correlates with blood Se in cattle, sheep, and pig, but NOT in horses
9
Q

how do we diagnose lead tox?

A

• Pb toxicity should always be considered a differential with unexplained GI signs and abdominal pain, especially in cats and dog

  • Radiography: metaphyseal sclerosis in young animals with chronic toxicosis
  • Pb accumulation in active bone matrix (competes with Ca2+), metaphyses sclerosis looks denser (more white) on X-rays – PB LINES (do not represent Pb deposits in the bone)
10
Q

how do we diagnose zinc tox?

A
  • Chemical analysis – serum, liver, kidney, pancreas and urine - Use trace element tubes for analysis (to avoid contamination with zn stearate)
  • Hemolytic A+ , icterus and hemoglobinuria
  • Azotemia, increased Crea and increased Phos
  • decreased Cu in liver in chronic toxicosis
11
Q

how do we diagnose iron tox?

A
  • increased serum iron
  • increased PCV
  • acidosis
  • hemoglobinuria
  • abdominal rads
12
Q

how do we diagnose NPN tox?

A
  • analysis of feed for urea content
  • analysis of ammonia in whole blood, rumen fluid, and vitreous fluid
  • elevated rumen pH
13
Q

how do we diagnose ionophore tox?

A
  • chem analysis of feed, GI, liver, feces
  • increased CK and AST (muscle necrosis)
  • increased PCV
  • decreased serum Ca and K
14
Q

how do we diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide tox?

A
  • prolonged ACT, PT, aPTT, PIVKA

- anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia

15
Q

how do we diagnose cholecalciferol tox?

A
  • increase in calcidiol or Ca levels in kidney and bile
  • increased Ca, phos, and decreased PTH
  • azotemia, proteinuria, glucosuria
16
Q

how do we diagnose bromethalin tox?

A
  • bait, stomach, vomitus antemortem
  • fat, liver, kidney, brain post mortem
  • EEG changes and CSF pressures
  • rule out strychnine and metaldehyde
17
Q

how do we diagnose strychnine tox?

A
  • stomach contents, bait, serum, urine

- liver and stomach post mortem

18
Q

how do we diagnose zinc phosphide tox?

A
  • metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypoCa, increased serum Zn
  • chem analysis: stomach contents, vomitus, bait - FREEZE ASAP
19
Q

how do we diagnose fluoroacetate (1080) tox?

A
  • chem analysis on GIT contents

- increased citrate levels in heart, kidney, blood

20
Q

how do we diagnose ethanol/methanol tox?

A
  • blood alcohol levels
  • decreased blood glucose
  • CS, alcohol odor
21
Q

how do we diagnose propylene glycol tox?

A
  • metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolarity
  • INCREASED ANION GAP
  • decreased USG
  • heinz bodies in cats
22
Q

how do we diagnose ethylene glycol tox?

A
  • increased anion gap!
  • decreased USG
  • decreased blood pH
  • azotemia
  • increased PCV, TP
  • examine mouth with wood’s lamp - fluorescein in antifreeze will glow