Exam 3 Lecture 4 Flashcards Preview

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1
Q

menopause

A

refers to a point in time that follows 1 year after the cessation of menstruation

2
Q

postmenopause

A

years following menopause

3
Q

average age of menopause in the US

A

51.5 years

4
Q

average lifespan of US women

A

81 years

5
Q

perimenopause or climacteric

A

time period in the late reproductive years, usually late 40s to early 50s immediately before menopause
- menopausal transition
onset ~47 years old and spans over 4-7 years

6
Q

menopause transition begins with

A

menstruation irregularity

7
Q

ovarian mass and fertility

A

decline sharply after age 35 and even more precipitously during menopausal transition

8
Q

depletion of primary follicles

A

occurs steadily until menopause

9
Q

cigarette smokers experience menopause

A

~ years earlier

10
Q

anovulatory cycles produce

A

a hyper-estrogenic & progesterenic state that may account for the increased incidence of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma & uterine polyps among women of perimenopausal age

11
Q

with transition into menopause

A

estradiol falls remarkedly, whereas FSH (more) & LH levels increase

12
Q

Due to loss of inhibin & estrogen feedback regulation, what levels are relatively preserved?

A

estrone

13
Q

symptoms of perimenopausal transition

A
  • changes in mentrual patterns
  • vasomotor symptoms
  • psychological & mental changes
  • sexual dysfunction
  • somatic symptoms
  • other issues
14
Q

changes in menstrual patterns

A

shorter cycles (2-7 days) or longer cycles, irregular bleeding (heavy, light, spotting)

15
Q

vasomotor symptoms

A

hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances

16
Q

psychological & mental changes

A

worsening PMS, depression, irritability, mood swings, loss of concentration, poor memory

17
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

vaginal dryness, decreased libido, painful intercourse

18
Q

somatic symptoms

A

HA, dizziness, palpitations, breast pain & enlargement, joint aches and back pain

19
Q

other issues

A

dry, itch skin & thinning of skin, weight gain, muscle weakness, urinary incontinence, CVD, reduction in bone density

20
Q

most common complaint during menopausal transition

A

hot flashes

21
Q

what can suppress hot-flashes

A

estrogen therapy

22
Q

how long does a hot flash usually last?

A

1-5 minutes

23
Q

BP, HR and metabolic rate all rise during

A

a hot flash

24
Q

hot flashes may also be accompanied by

A

palpitations, anxiety, irritability and panic

25
Q

the medial preopitic area of the hypothalamus contains the

A

thermoregulatory nucleus responsible for regulating perspiration and vasodilation, which is the primary mechanism of heat loss in humans

26
Q

what plays a vital role in the development of hot flashes?

A
  • estrogens.
  • estrogen levels modulate central thermoregulation
  • estrogens are known to modulate adrenergic receptors
27
Q

NE & HT are critical NTs involved in

A
  • lowering the thermoregulatory setpoint and triggering heat loss mechanisms associated with hot flashes
  • decreased Estrogen is though to lower HT release & lead to altered HT neurotransmission
  • increase NE signalling-> heat loss
28
Q

normal rate of bone mass decline

A

0.4% each year

29
Q

bone mass decline rate during menopause

A

2-5% per year for the first 5 tp 10 years then slows to 1% per year

30
Q

loss of estrogen leads to

A

enhanced loss of bone mass & predisposes pts to fractures.

31
Q

why women have a lower risk of CVD than men before menopause

A

greater HDL levels which is an effect of estrogen

32
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A
  • only 30% of eligible women receive HRT
33
Q

women’s health initiative (WHI)

A
stopped early.
no effect on CHD or breast cancer
- increased risk of stroke, ovarian cancer in estrogen only
- increased risk of blood clots in E/P
- incr. risk of breast cancer
34
Q

Estrogen effect on cholesterol

A

decrease LDL and increase HDL

- HRT is not recommended solely for the prevention of high cholesterol or heart disease

35
Q

increased risk of blood clots in women taking

A

estrogen