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Physiology II Fall 2015 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

All sensory systems do not extract the same basic information from stimuli

A

False

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2
Q

A vibration of 200 Hz would be detected best by what type of receptor?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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3
Q

The deeper the receptor the larger the receptor feild

A

True

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4
Q

what receptors are slow adapting receptors?

A

Merkels disc and ruffini ending

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5
Q

A merkel’s disc receptor in the finger would have its cell body where?

A

in the dorsal root ganglion

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6
Q

if a hand is placed in water that is the same temperature as body temperature what would happen

A

both cold and warmth receptors would generate similar firing rates

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7
Q

when a pacinian corpuscle is pressed what will occur to the sodium channels at the site of deformation

A

they will open

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8
Q

as a generator becomes less negative, what will happen to the rate of firing in the associated sensory nerve

A

increase

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9
Q

what effect does lateral inhibition have on two point touch discrimination on the body surface

A

it has no effect on two-point discrimination

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10
Q

some nociceptive signals may reach the higher cortical levels via the dorsal columns

A

true

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11
Q

fast pathways of nociceptive transmission use A delta fibers, releases glutamate in spinal cord and mostly terminate in ventrobasal complex of thalamus

A

true

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12
Q

which nociceptive pathway has significant termination sites associated with the periaqueductal gray matter

A

slow

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13
Q

polymodal (slow) nociceptors respond to what

A

extremes of temperature, bradykinin, mechanical deformation

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14
Q

an inhibitory spinal cord interneuron can block nociceptive signals by the release of what

A

enkephalin

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15
Q

what effect would pottasium ions have on nociceptors

A

it would lower their threshold (sensitization)

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16
Q

the raphe nucleus sends projections to the spinal cord that release what neurotransmitter which has what effect on nociceptive transmission

A

serotonin which inhibits nociceptive transmission

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17
Q

of all the spinal joints, which one is most heavily innervated with mechanoreceptors

A

cervical

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18
Q

which type of spinal joint mechanoreceptors are low threshold, rapidly adapting and completely inactive in immobilized joints

A

type II

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19
Q

which spinal joint mechanoreceptors function in the perception of posture and movement, and have tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools effecting neck, limb, jaw and eye muscles

A

type I

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20
Q

type IV receptors in the spinal joints are low threshold and always fire as the joint is moved

A

false

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21
Q

type IV receptors in the spinal joints are high threshold and dont fire as the joint is moved

A

true

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22
Q

an increase in signal strength due to activation of a greater number of fibers is an example of what

A

spatial summation

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23
Q

as a sensory signal is transmitted from the skin to the cortex what is observed

A

generalized pattern of divergence

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24
Q

cervical spinal joint dysfunction at the level of C2 could cause a headache through what mechanism

A

incoming signals from C2 spill over and stimulates V cranial nerve nucleus

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25
Q

headache due to constipation is probably due to what mechanism

A

absorption of toxic products which then irritates meninges

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26
Q

in a reverberating circuit signal prolongation to a fixed input is enhanced by what

A

stimulation of facilitatory input

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27
Q

when considering the stimulatory field of an incoming axon what is true

A

as you move away from the center of the field, innervation decreases

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28
Q

complex feature detection neurons for tactile stimulation are located in the

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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29
Q

a single neuron in BM 1,2 could respond strongly to a stroking tactile stimulus on the skin in one direction, but weakly to the same stimulus in the opposite direction

A

true

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30
Q

pain and nociception are terms that mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably

A

false

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31
Q

what substance is the only substance that is released by nociceptors themselves

A

substance P

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32
Q

why is surgery to destroy nociceptive pathway to alleviate pain a bad idea

A

new pain sensations post surgery, worse than before

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33
Q

the mechanism of feffered pain could be

A

visceral nerve fibers and skin nerve fibers sharing common synapses in the cord

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34
Q

thermal receptors (both warmth and cold) are non-adapting in nature

A

false

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35
Q

which type of headache has a vascular origin and may respond favorable to chiropractic care

A

migraine

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36
Q

what is a means of stabilizing nervous system function and helps prevent over-stimulation and excessive spread of stimulation

A

inhibitory circuits and synaptic fatigue

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37
Q

what allows muscle spindles to operate over a wide range of muscle lengths

A

co activation of both alpha and gamma motor neurons

38
Q

which muscle spindles are best suited to detect changes in muscle length

A

nuclear chain and dynamic bag

39
Q

in response to a sustained stimulus a neuron will typically show a decreased firing rate over time

A

true

40
Q

which spinal joint mechanoreceptors has a low threshold, slow adapting and has tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools

A

ruffini ending

41
Q

if a portion of the skin is cooled to 0 degrees centigrade what receptors would be most active

A

nociceptors

42
Q

in the gating theory of pain what stimulates the inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord effectively closing the gate, decreasing nociceptive transmission

A

A alpha fibers (type I)

43
Q

most vibratory signals are transmitted to the cortex via what pathway

A

anterolateral (spinothalamic)

44
Q

in the somatosensory homunculus which area of the body would normally have the largest cortical representation

A

hands

45
Q

what is characteristic of the anterolateral (protopathic) system

A

initiate actions, small fibers, pain, and temperature

46
Q

a hemisection of the spinal cord on the right side at T5 that disrupts both ascending and descending projections would create what deficits below the lesion

A

loss of nociception on the left side, vibration on the right

47
Q

a cortical neuron in Brodman area 2 that fires strongly as a tactile stimulus is drawn across the hand from the ulnar to radial but weakly from radial to ulnar is an example of what

A

direction sensitive neuron

48
Q

in type III (A delta fibers) nociceptors, which neurotransmitter is released by first order neurons in the spinal cord?

A

glutamate

49
Q

what neurotransmitter(s) is/are released by type 4 nociceptors

A

glutamate and substance p

50
Q

what is the major function of anandamide produced by the brain

A

stress induced analgesia

51
Q

how can dysfunction of the cervical spine refer pain to the head

A

some C2 projections synapse in the nucleus of CN V

52
Q

a first order neuron when stimulated will both stimulate second order neurons as well as inhibit other second order neurons simultaneously

A

true

53
Q

lateral inhibition in the somatosensory system is associated with what function

A

enhances edges

54
Q

interneurons in the cord that block nociceptive transmission by second order neurons release what neurotransmitter

A

enkephalin

55
Q

the perception of something wet on your skin is associated with stimulation of what receptors of your skin

A

thermo receptors and pressure receptors

56
Q

brodman area 7 integrates stereognostic input with what special sense

A

visual

57
Q

the somatosensory cortex is important in initiation and guidance of movement

A

true

58
Q

what is the dioptic power of a convex lens with a focal strength of .1 meters

A

+10 diopters

59
Q

in distant vision what error of refraction can be compensated for by contraction of the ciliary muscle

A

hyperopia

60
Q

stimulation of what division of the autonomic nervous system will increase refractive power of the lens

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

all retinal cells generate action potentials

A

false

62
Q

when light strikes a rod it hyperpolarizes

A

true

63
Q

when light strikes a rod it depolarizes

A

false

64
Q

which ganglion cells are important in color vision

A

P(X)

65
Q

what ocular muscle elevates the adducted eye

A

inferior oblique

66
Q

what is important in involuntary fixation of the eyes

A

superior colliculus

67
Q

a lesion of the VI CN on the right would cause what

A

double vision when the subject looks to the right

68
Q

what causes pupillary dilation

A

sympathetic stimulation

69
Q

what frequency sound is most likely heard by the human ear at 30 dB

A

1000 Hz

70
Q

impedance matching is a function of what

A

ossicles

71
Q

what chamber of the cochlea is enriched with K+ ions

A

scali media

72
Q

neurons in the anterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond best to what audible frequency sounds

A

low

73
Q

what are the components of the auditory system

A

superior olivary nucleus, medial geniculate, cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus

74
Q

glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones would have what taste

A

sweet

75
Q

what cranial nerve is associated with taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

VII

76
Q

what taste receptor utilizes ion channels

A

sour

77
Q

as an olfactory cell is stimulated with an ordorant, what prolongs depolarization

A

efflux of Cl-

78
Q

in the olfactory bulb, what is the function of the glomerulus

A

connect olfactory cell axons with dendrites of mitral and tufted cells

79
Q

olfactory fibers can directly penetrate into the limbic system

A

true

80
Q

All sensory systems extract the same basic information from stimuli, which include modality, intensity, duration and location

A

True

81
Q

Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors is responsible for

A

Ticklishness

82
Q

Gentle stimulation of nociceptors results in

A

Itching

83
Q

What will depress the adducted eye

A

Superior oblique

84
Q

What will cause intorsion of the adducted eye

A

Superior rectus

85
Q

What will cause extorsion of the adducted eye

A

Inferior rectus

86
Q

What will elevate the abducted eye

A

Superior rectus

87
Q

What will depress the abducted eye

A

Inferior rectus

88
Q

What will cause intorsion of the abducted eye

A

Superior oblique

89
Q

What will cause extorsion of the abducted eye

A

Inferior oblique

90
Q

At what frequencies do we have the greatest acuity

A

1000-4000 Hz

91
Q

What nerve is responsible for perceiving taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerve IX

92
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for taste at the base of the tongue and palate

A

X

Physiology II Fall 2015 (2 decks)

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