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Flashcards in Exam III - General Information Deck (159)
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1
Q

The liver lies mostly in what abdominal regions?

A

Right Hypochondrium and epigastric regions

2
Q

What vertebral level is the Transtubercular plane found?

A

L.V. 5

3
Q

Identify the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

Right Hypochondrium, Epigastric, Left Hypochondrium
Right Flank, Umbilical, Left Flank
Right Groin, Pubic, Left Groin

4
Q

The spleen and the fundus and body of the stomach can be found in which abdominal regions?

A

Left Hypochondrium

5
Q

The umbilical lies between what vertebral levels?

A

L.V. 2 and L.V. 5

6
Q

Which layer of fascia is fatty and continuous with the superficial fascia of perineum and thigh?

A

Superficial Layer (Camper’s Fascia)

7
Q

Which layer of abdominal fascia is firmly fastened to the fascia lata of the thigh?

A

Deep Layer (Scarpa’s Fascia)

8
Q

What is the largest raphe in the body?

A

Linea Alba

9
Q

The Linea Alba connects _____ to _____?

A

xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

10
Q

What muscle acts as an internal back-brace?

A

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

11
Q

What forms the lateral edge of the 6-pack?

A

Linea Semilunaris

12
Q

What runs transversely across the rectus abdominis and fuses with the rectus sheath?

A

Tendinous intersections

13
Q

What muscle is often absent and lies anterior to the rectus abdominis?

A

Pyramidalis

14
Q

The anterior abdominal wall muscles are active in what 6 body functions?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vomiting
  • Micturition (urinating)
  • Pooping (defication)
  • Parturition
15
Q

What structures make up the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles

16
Q

What is enclosed within the rectus sheath?

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Pyramidalis Muscle (When present)
  • Superior Epigastric Artery and Vein
  • Inferior Epigastric Artery and Vein
  • Anterior Primary Rami of Lower 6 T. Nerves
17
Q

What is the crescent-shaped line in the posterior layer of the rectus sheath midway between the umbilicus and pubic crest?

A

Arcuate Line

18
Q

What are the five folds on the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • Median Umbilical Fold
  • Medial Umbilical Fold (bilateral)
  • Lateral Umbilical Fold (bilateral)
19
Q

Which fold runs from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Median Umbilical Fold

20
Q

Which fold extends from the side of the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Medial Umbilical Fold

21
Q

Which fold contains the obliterated umbilical artery?

A

Medial Umbilical Fold

22
Q

Which fold runs from the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line?

A

Lateral Umbilical Fold

23
Q

Which fold contains the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral Umbilical Fold

24
Q

The Median and Medial Umbilical folds form what fossa?

A

Supravesical Fossa

25
Q

The Medial and Lateral umbilical folds form what fossa?

A

Medial Inguinal Fossa

26
Q

The two lateral umbilical folds combine to form what fossa?

A

Lateral Inguinal Fossa

27
Q

What structure above the umbilicus contains the obliterated umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum Teres

28
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • Superior Epigastric A.
  • Inferior Epigastric A.
  • Lumbar Arteries
  • Deep Circumflex Iliac A.
29
Q

What is the innervation of the Anterior Abdominal Wall?

A
  • Lower 6 Thoracic Nerves
30
Q

What is formed by the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis?

A
  • The Inguinal Ligament
31
Q

The inguinal ligament extends from the _____ to the _____.

A
  • Anterior superior iliac spine; pubic tubercle
32
Q

What are the most medial fibers of the inguinal ligament and insert into the superior pubic ramus?

A
  • Lacunar Ligament
33
Q

what is the lateral extension of the lacunar ligament?

A
  • Pectineal Ligament
34
Q

What is the 3-5 cm canal through the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • Inguinal Canal
35
Q

The inguinal canal begins at the _____ and ends at the ______.

A
  • Deep inguinal ring; superficial inguinal ring
36
Q

What is transmitted in the inguinal canal?

A
  • Spermatic Cord
  • Round Ligament of the Uterus
  • Ilioinguinal Nerve
37
Q

What is formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles?

A
  • Conjoint Tendon (Inguinal Falx)
38
Q

What strengthens the posterior wall of the medial half of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Conjoint Tendon (Inguinal Falx)
39
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Ant. Wall: aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
  • Post. Wall: conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia
  • Roof: internal oblize and transversus abdominis
  • Floor: inguinal and lacunar ligaments
40
Q

What is the triangular opening in the external oblique aponeurosis?

A
  • Superficial Inguinal Ring
41
Q

What is transmitted in the superficial inguinal ring?

A
  • Spermatic Cord (male)
  • Round ligament of the uterus (female)
  • ilioinguinal nerve
42
Q

The superficial inguinal ring is formed by the splitting of the external oblique aponeurosis into two crura…

A
  • Lateral Crus (pubic tubercle)

- Medial Crus (pubic crest)

43
Q

The deep inguinal ring is an opening within which fascia?

A
  • Transversalis Fascia
44
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal triangle?

A
  • Med: lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle
  • Lat: inferior epigastric vessels
  • Inf: inguinal ligament
45
Q

Where do direct inguinal hernias mostly occur?

A

Inguinal Triangle

46
Q

T/F) During childhood development, the inguinal canal shortens and moves into a more vertical position.

A

False; It LENGTHENS and becomes more OBLIQUE

47
Q

What muscles, upon exertion, may force abdominal contents into the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior abdominal muscles (coughing & straining)

48
Q

What two anatomical adaptations function to strengthen the inguinal canal?

A
  • Its oblique positioning

- The conjoint tendon

49
Q

A ______ is an abnormal protrusion of tissue through an opening.

A
  • Hernia
50
Q

What organ is most commonly involved in hernias?

A
  • Small Intestine
51
Q

T/F) Inguinal hernias are more common in males than females.

A

True

1) Large diameter of inguinal canal (spermatic cord))
2) Scrotum creates a large potential space

52
Q

What in the female is homologous to the male scrotum?

A
  • Labia Majora
53
Q

What are the types of hernias?

A
  • Direct, Indirect, Femoral, and Umbilical
54
Q

Which hernia accounts for 75% of inguinal hernias?

A
  • Indirect Hernias
55
Q

What is a processus vaginalis?

A
  • An embryological outpouching of peritoneum which forms the inguinal canal and tunica vaginalis that does not obliterate
56
Q

Trace the path of an indirect inguinal hernia.

A

Deep inguinal ring -> inguinal canal -> superficial inguinal ring -> scrotum/labia majora
(lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels)

57
Q

Trace the path of a direct inguinal hernia.

A

Posterior wall of inguinal canal -> scrotum/labia majora

medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

58
Q

Which type of hernia is ALWAYS acquired?

A
  • Direct Hernia
59
Q

What kind of hernia is more common in females?

A
  • Femoral Hernia
60
Q

Umbilical Hernias usually result from defects in what structures?

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall (incomplete closure)

- Linea Alba

61
Q

What are the layers of fascia that cover the spermatic cord?

A
  • External Spermatic Fascia (external oblique apo)
  • Cremasteric Fascia (internal oblique apo)
  • Internal Spermatic Fascia (transversalis fascia)
62
Q

What is the bundle of muscle fibers within the cremasteric fascia referred to as?

A
  • Cremaster Muscle
63
Q

What structures are contained within the spermatic cord?

A
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Testicular A.
  • Pampiniform Plexus of Veins (bulk of spermatic cord)
  • Artery to the Ductus Deferens
  • Cremasteric A.
  • Genital Branch of Genitofemoral N.
  • Remnant of Processus Vaginalis
  • Autonomic N.
  • Lymphatics
64
Q

What accompanies the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal?

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve

65
Q

T/F) The ilioinguinal nerve is part of the spermatic cord.

A

False; it is not

66
Q

What branch of the ilioinguinal nerve supplies the upper medial part of the thigh?

A

Femoral Branch

67
Q

What branch of the ilioinguinal nerve supplies the root of the penis and anterior part of the scrotum?

A

Anterior Scrotal or Anterior Labial Nerve

68
Q

What structures are contained within the scrotum?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Lower part of the spermatic cord
69
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A

Temperature regulation (firmly adhered to the scrotum)

70
Q

What are the function of the testes?

A
  • Production of spermatozoa

- Secretion of androgens

71
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A
  • Fibrous outer covering of the testis

- Lies deep to the tunica vaginalis

72
Q

What is the fibrous compartment in the posterior part of the testis where the septa converge?

A
  • Mediastinum Testis
73
Q

What is the functional, sperm-producing part of the testis?

A
  • Seminiferous Tubules
74
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are contained in each lobule?

A
  • 2 or 3
75
Q

What is the network of canals within the mediastinum testis?

A
  • Rete Testis
76
Q

What connects the rete testis to the head of the epididymis?

A
  • Efferent Ductules
77
Q

What is the C-shaped structure attached to the superior and posterior aspect of the testis?

A
  • Epididymis
78
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A
  • Store sperm until they mature
79
Q

Where does lymphatics from the testis drain?

A
  • Lumbar Nodes
80
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum drain?

A
  • Superficial Inguinal Nodes
81
Q

What structure in the fetus connects the testis to the scrotum?

A
  • Gubernaculum Testis
82
Q

With what does the peritoneal cavity communicate with the exterior?

A
  • Infections spread through the uterine tubes
83
Q

While testing for patency of the uterine tube, what does it mean when the dye does not enter the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • There is an obstruction
84
Q

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

A
  • Minimize Friction between organs
  • Resist infection
  • Fat storage
85
Q

What is the innervation of the peritoneum?

A
  • Phrenic N.
  • Intercostal N.
  • Subcostal N.
  • Iliohypogastric N.
  • Ilioinguinal N.
86
Q

What are the three parts of the greater omentum?

A
  • Gastrophrenic Lig. (stomach -> diaphragm)
  • Gastrosplenic Lig. (stomach -> spleen)
  • Gastrocolic Lig. ( stomach -> transverse colon) (largest)
87
Q

Because of its ability to restrict the spread of infection, what is the AKA for the greater omentum?

A
  • Abdominal Policeman
88
Q

What are the two parts of the lesser omentum?

A
  • Hepatogastric Lig. (liver -> lesser curve of stomach)

- Hepatoduodenal Lig. (liver -> duodenum)

89
Q

What is the general definition of mesentery?

A
  • Any double layer of peritoneum which connects a portion of intestine to the body wall
90
Q

What is the “mesentery proper”?

A
  • Double layer of peritoneum which connects jejunum and ileum to body wall
91
Q

What connects the left colic flexure to the diaphragm?

A
  • Phrenicocollic Lig.
92
Q

What is the irregularly shaped space posterior to the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach?

A
  • Omental Bursa (Lesser Sac)
93
Q

What connects the Lesser Sac to the Greater Sac?

A
  • The omental foramen
94
Q

What are the subdivisions within the Greater sac?

A
  • Right Subphrenic Space (below diaphragm, above liver, right of falciform ligament)
  • Left Subphrenic Space (below diaphragm, above liver, left of falciform ligament)
  • Subhepatic Space (between liver and transverse colon)
  • Right Paracolic Gutter (lateral to ascending colon)
  • Left Paracolic Gutter (lateral to descending colon)
95
Q

What is the posterosuperior extension of the subhepatic space, between the liver and right kidney?

A
  • Hepatorenal Recess
96
Q

What are the boundaries of the omental foramen?

A
  • Liver
  • First part of the duodenum
  • Free edge of the lesser omentum
  • Peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava
97
Q

What passes through the porta hepatis?

A
  • Bile Duct
  • Hepatic Artery Proper
  • Portal Vein
98
Q

What structures make up the Foregut?

A
  • Distal esophagus -> stomach -> second part of duodenum, entrance of the bile duct
99
Q

What structures make up the Midgut?

A
  • Entrance of bile duct -> right 2/3 transverse colon
100
Q

What structures make up the Hindgut?

A
  • left 1/3 transverse colon -> upper part of anal canal
101
Q

What is the blood supply of the GI tract?

A
  • Foregut: celiac trunk
  • Midgut: Superior Mesenteric Artery
  • Hindgut: Inferior Mesenteric Artery
102
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the GI tract?

A
  • Foregut : greater (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-T11)
  • Midgut: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
  • Hindgut: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
103
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract?

A
  • Foregut: Vagus Nerve
  • Midgut: Vagus Nerve
  • Hindgut: Pelvic splanchnic Nerves (S2-S4)
104
Q

What are the autonomic effects on the GI tract?

A
  • Sympathetic: decreases motility and tone; contracts sphincters
  • Parasympathetic: increases motility and tone; relaxes sphincters
105
Q

What are the four major layers of the gut wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Serosa/Adventitia
106
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosae contained?

A
  • Mucosal layer
107
Q

Where are blood vessels and lymphatics of the gut wall contained?

A
  • Submucosal Layer
108
Q

What layer of the gut wall is responsible for peristalsis?

A
  • Muscularis Externa
109
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system contained?

A
  • Within the submucosa, near the muscularis externa
110
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A
  • Between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa (stimulates peristalsis)
111
Q

What organ is located in the left hypochondrium, epigastric, and umbilical regions of the abdomen?

A
  • The stomach
112
Q

What notch is between the body and the pyloric part?

A
  • Angular Incisure
113
Q

What opening of the stomach is located between the esophagus and the stomach?

A
  • Cardial Orifice
114
Q

What opening of the stomach connects it with the duodenum?

A
  • Pyloric Orifice
115
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pyloric part of the stomach?

A
  • Pyloric Antrum (wide proximal part)
  • Pyloric Canal (narrow distal part)
  • Pylorus (distal termination; marked externally by the pyloric constriction)
116
Q

What are the longitudinal folds of mucous membrane within the stomach?

A
  • Gastric Folds (Rugae)
117
Q

What is the blood supply of the stomach?

A
  • Celiac Trunk
118
Q

What is the innervation of the stomach?

A
  • Sympathetic: Greater splanchnic nerves

- Parasympathetic: Vagus N.

119
Q

What is the first unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta?

A
  • Celiac Trunk
120
Q

What is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk?

A
  • Left Gastric A.
121
Q

What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk?

A
  • Splenic A.
122
Q

The small intestine extends from the ______ to the ______.

A
  • pyloric orifice; ileocecal junction
123
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A
  • Superior Part (Duodenal Cap/Ampulla)
  • Descending Part (bile & pancreatic ducts empty)
  • Inferior part (longest)
  • Ascending Part (terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure)
124
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A
  • Superior Pancreaticoduodenal A.
  • Supraduodenal A.
  • Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal A.
125
Q

What is the fibromuscular band that extends from the diaphragm to the duodenojejunal flexure?

A
  • Suspensory Muscle of the Duodenum
126
Q

What is the innervation of the duodenum?

A
  • Celiac and Sup. Mesenteric Plexuses
127
Q

What absorbs fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • Ileum
128
Q

What segment of the GI tract is most involved with nutrient absorption?

A
  • Jejunum
129
Q

What are the aggregations of lymphoid tissue within the small intestine?

A
  • Peyer’s Patches
130
Q

The large intestine extends from the ______ to the ______.

A
  • Ileocecal Junction; anus
131
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A
  • convert liquid contents of ileum into feces (absorb water)
132
Q

Are the ascending and descending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
133
Q

What is drained in the Portal Venous System?

A
  • GI tract, Spleen, Pancreas, Gallbladder
134
Q

What drains the kidney and suprarenal gland?

A
  • Caval Venous System
135
Q

What blood vessels accompany the ligamentum teres to the umbilicus?

A
  • Paraumbilical Veins
136
Q

Review Portal-Caval Anastomoses

A
  • Page 133
137
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A
  • Bile Secretion
  • Metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbs
  • Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and iron
  • Detoxification
138
Q

What is contained within the porta hepatis?

A
  • Common Hepatic Duct
  • Hepatic Artery Proper
  • Portal Vein
139
Q

The gallbladder lies over which lobe of the liver?

A
  • Right Lobe
140
Q

What lobe of the liver is anterior to the porta hepatis?

A
  • Quadrate Lobe
141
Q

What lobe of the liver is posterior to the porta hepatis?

A
  • Caudate Lobe
142
Q

How is the liver split into functional halves?

A
  • A line is drawn from the inferior vena cava through the gall bladder
143
Q

T/F) The inferior vena cava lies within the bare area.

A

True

144
Q

As the falciform ligament passes posteriorly, it splits to become what?

A
  • Sup. & Inf. Coronary Ligament
145
Q

What is formed at the junction of the superior and inferior layers of the coronary ligament?

A
  • Right and Left Triangular Ligaments
146
Q

The ligamentum venosum is the remnant of what embryological structure?

A
  • Dectus Venosum
147
Q

Name the fissures of the liver.

A
  • Fis. for Lig. Teres (left lobe -> quadrate lobe)
  • Fis. for Lig. Venosum (left lobe -> caudate lobe)
  • Fossa for Gallbladder (right lobe and quadrate lobe)
  • Fis. for Inf. Vena Cava (right lobe -> caudate lobe)
  • Porta Hepatis (forms crossbar of “H”)
148
Q

What is the blood supply of the liver?

A
  • Portal Vein (75-80%)

- Hepatic Artery (20-25%)

149
Q

The gallbladder drains into what?

A
  • Cystic Duct
150
Q

Contraction of the gallbladder is initiated by what?

A
  • Cholecystokinin
151
Q

What is the blood supply of the gallbladder?

A
  • Right hepatic A.
152
Q

What is formed by the union of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?

A
  • Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
153
Q

What is the narrowest part of the billiary system?

A
  • Sphincter of Ampulla
154
Q

What functions to back-fill the gallbladder?

A
  • Sphincter of bile duct
155
Q

What is the weakest sphincter of the billiary system?

A
  • Sphincter of pancreatic duct
156
Q

The pancreas is drained by what?

A
  • Pancreatic Duct (neck, body, tail)

- Accessory Pancreatic Duct (head and uncinate process)

157
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A
  • pancreatic branches of splenic A.
  • Superior pancreaticoduodenal A.
  • Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal A.
158
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • Produce lymphocytes in the newborn
  • Remove worn out RBC
  • Store RBC
159
Q

The autonomic plexuses are named for what?

A
  • The artery they lie upon