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Toxicology > Exam III pt. 1 > Flashcards

Exam III pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 non-opioid analgesics?

A

NSAID non selectives, NSAID selectives, Acetominophen

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2
Q

What are NSAID non-selectives?

A

Salicylates, ibuprofen, naproxen

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3
Q

What is a noteable side effect of Aspirin?

A

Reye’s syndrome

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4
Q

What are some noteable side effects of Ibuprofen, Naproxen?

A

Electrolyte imbalances, hemorrhages

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5
Q

What condition is overall a risk factor for NSAIDs?

A

Severe stomach bleeding

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6
Q

What is a common name for NSAID, selective Cox-2 inhibitor?

A

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

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7
Q

What is the comparable GI toxicity between Celebrex (celecoxib) and other NSAIDs?

A

Does not block COX-1, so less GI toxicity

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8
Q

What is the common use for Celebrex (celecoxib)?

A

Mild pain such as arthritis

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9
Q

What are some noteable side effects of Celebrex?

A

GI perforation and bleeding, thrombosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, liver and renal failure

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10
Q

What nutrient interactions are noted with NSAIDs?

A

Depletes vitamin C, folate, iron, zinc.

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11
Q

What kind of supplements should you avoid if you’re taking NSAIDS?

A

Anticoagulant supplements (e.g. garlic, ginger, ginko, ginseng, fish oil, vitamin E, etc, etc, etc)

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12
Q

Does acetaminophen work DIRECTLY to inhibit a COX pathway in protaglandin synthesis?

A

No, it acts directly on the hypothalamus, which then inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

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13
Q

T/F

Acetaminophen is known for it’s analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties

A

False,

Acetaminophen has no anti-inflammatory activity, regardless of it’s usage by the general populus.

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14
Q

What side effects are reported with excessive dosing of acetaminophen? What doses are considered excessive?

A

Hepatotoxicity. >4g/day (adults) or large doses (6g in adults).

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15
Q

What are some examples of opioid analgesics?

A

Morphine, oxycodone, several combination drugs, etc.

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16
Q

What are it’s common uses and draw backs?

A

Relieves virtually any type of pain. High risk for tolerance, dependence and abuse

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17
Q

What are side effects associated with opioid analgesics?

A

Sedation, constipation. Respiratory and CNS depression/death

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18
Q

What drugs are a combination of hydrocodone + acetaminophen?

A

Vicodin, Narco

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19
Q

What combination drug comes from oxycodone + acetaminophen

A

Percocet

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20
Q

What combination drug comes from propoxyphene + acetaminophen?

A

Darvocet

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21
Q

What combination drug comes from codeine + acetaminophen?

A

Tylenol 2,3,4

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22
Q

What are 4 natural supplements with strong evidence of analgesic activity?

A

Capsicum, clove, comfrey, willow bark.

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23
Q

Migraines come from what kind of activity in the brain?

A

Arise from neurovascular disturbance in the brain (cortical spreading depression elicits a trigeminovascular reflex).

24
Q

What NTs may cause inflammation/pain in migraine headaches?

A

Dopamine and serotonin release

25
Q

What are Triptans?

A

Serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonists

26
Q

What are some natural migraine prophylactics that are supported by strong evidence?

A

Feverfew, butterbur, peppermint (topical). CHIROPRACTIC!!!

27
Q

What is an example of an immediate immunologic reaction triggered by antibiotics?

A

Anaphylaxis or hives

28
Q

What is an exmaple of a delayed immunologic reaciton triggered by antibiotics?

A

Rahes, serum sickness, drug fever

29
Q

What antibiotic drugs are most notorious for triggering immunologic reactions?

A

Beta-lactam drugs (penicillins, cephalosporins

30
Q

What are the 4 antiobiotic mechanisms of action?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of general metabolic pathways
Inhibition of RNA/DNA synthesis

31
Q

What is the main mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

Beta lactam ring binds to and inhibits cell wall synthesis, eventual bacterial death.

32
Q

What are the noted side effects of penicillins?

A 
N/V diarrhea
Hypersensitivity reactions (Rashes -> anaphylaxis)
33
Q

What kind of penicillins have a broad spectrum use?

A

2nd generation. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, augmentin.

34
Q

T/F

Cephalosporins are one of the smallest classes of antibiotics

A

False,

One of the largest

35
Q

When would a patient want to use particular caution when taking cephalosporins?

A

If patient is allergic to a penicillin.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

A

Same mechanism as penicillins except broader spectrum

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

38
Q

What are the common uses of aminoglycosides?

A

For life threatening infections

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

A

Reversibly bind to ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis

40
Q

What are the common uses of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum

41
Q

What are some noteable side effeccts of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity, dizziness, tooth discoloration

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulfonamides?

A

compete with pathogenic bacteria for PABA (needed to synthesize folate)

43
Q

What is important to do when taking sulfonamides to prevent interactions?

A

Drink at least 3 quarts of water

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

45
Q

What kind of side effects are noted with macrolides?

A

Allergic reactions

46
Q

What are the uses of fluoroquinolones?

A

Broad spectrum

47
Q

What are some noted side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

Crystalluria; possible cartilage or tendon damage

48
Q

What is an important factor in preventing interactions with fluoroquinolones?

A

Drink plenty of water

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antimycobacterial agents?

A

Inhibits RNA synthesis

50
Q

What are side effects noted with antimycobacterial agents?

A

N/V, cramps, rash, fever, drowsiness, RED-ORGANGE BODY FLUIDS, elevated liver function tests. Hyper sensitivity, hyperbilirubinemia, thrombocytopenia

51
Q

What is another mechanism of action of antimycobacterial agents?

A

Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, an essential component of the mycobacterial cell wall

52
Q

What are some other noteable side effects of antimycobacterial agents?

A

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain. SLE, hepatitis, anemia.

53
Q

What would you supplement with antimycobacterial agents to prevent PN?

A

Vitamin B6

54
Q

What is the mechanism of action for vancomycin?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis.

55
Q

What is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in hospitals?

A

Vancomycin. Due to MRSA. As a results we are seeing strains known as VRSA

56
Q

What are some noted side effects of vancomycin?

A

Red man syndrome (rash, flushing, tachycardia, hypotension). Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, anaphylaxis

57
Q

What are some noted antibacterial natural supplements with high evidence of efficacy?

A

Iodine, probiotics, colloidal silver

Toxicology (6 decks)

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