Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Flashcards Preview

Nelson - Nutrition > Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents > Flashcards

Flashcards in Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Deck (105)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

How often should infants feed?

A

At least 8x/24 hrs

2
Q

Breastfeeding is protective agains what acute disorders

A

Diarrhea, otitis media, UTI, NEC, septicemia, infant botulism

3
Q

Breastfeeding is protective agains what chronic disorders

A

IDDM, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, childhood cancer, recurrent OM, allergy

4
Q

T/F Breastfeeding is protective against overweight and obesity

A

T

5
Q

T/F Varicella zoster infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T

6
Q

T/F Herpes simplex virus infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T, if with active herpetic lesions of the breast

7
Q

T/F CMV infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T

8
Q

T/F Breastfeeding should be delayed in infants of mothers with hepatitis B infection until workup has been completed

A

F, no delay required

9
Q

Maternal alcohol intake should be limited to ___ while breastfeeding

A

0.5g/kg/day, ~2 cans of beers, ~2 glasses of wine, ~ 2 ounces of liquor

10
Q

T/F Cigarette smoking is not a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T, but is discouraged

11
Q

T/F Breastfeeding is generally contraindicated in mothers undergoing chemotherapy

A

T

12
Q

MC reasons for nipple pain while breastfeeding

A

Poor infant positioning and improper latch

13
Q

Mx for mastitis

A

1) Oral abx and analgesics 2) Promote breastfeeding or emptying of the affected breast

14
Q

Mx for breast abscess

A

Temporary cessation of breastfeeding

15
Q

Mx for breastmilk jaundice

A

Infant formula for 24-48h and/or phototherapy without cessation of breastfeeding

16
Q

Calories provided with formula feeding in general

A

20kcal//30mL

17
Q

Usual intake to allow a weight gain of 25-30g/day in the first 3 months of life

A

140-200 mL/kg/day milk formula

18
Q

Whole cow’s milk should not be introduced until

A

12 months of age

19
Q

Predominant whey protein in bovine milk

A

β-globulin

20
Q

Predominant whey protein in human milk

A

α-lactalbumin

21
Q

Soy protein-based formulas are indicated among patients with (2)

A

1) Galactosemia 2) Hereditary lactase deficiency

22
Q

T/F Soy protein-based formulas are lactose-free

A

T

23
Q

T/F Atopic dermatitis may be delayed or prevented in early childhood by the use of extensively or partially hydrolyzed formulas compared to cow’s milk formula

A

T

24
Q

Preferred formula for infants intolerant to cow’s milk or soy proteins

A

Extensively hydrolyzed formulas

25
Q

T/F There is no significant harm associated with introduction of complementary foods at 4 months of age

A

T

26
Q

There is no significant benefit from exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in terms of (6)

A

1) Iron 2) Zinc 3) Growth 4) Nutriture 5) Allergy 6) Infections

27
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Energy density should not exceed that of breastmilk

A

T

28
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Iron-containing foods are required

A

T

29
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Zinc intake should be encouraged

A

T

30
Q

Important principles for weaning: Intake of ___ should be low to enhance mineral absorption

A

Phytate

31
Q

Important principles for weaning: Give no more than ___ ounces per day of cow’s milk

A

24 (~3 standard bottles)

32
Q

Important principles for weaning: No more than ___ ounces per day of fruit juices

A

4-6

33
Q

Bedtime bottles should be discouraged because of the association with

A

Dental caries

34
Q

T/F A newborn can already discriminate between sweet and sour

A

T

35
Q

Toddlers need to eat ___x per day

A

5

36
Q

Most commonly consumed vegetable among toddlers and pre-schoolers

A

French fries

37
Q

Among school-aged children and adolescents, new foods can be offered repeatedly ___x to establish acceptance or rejection of that food

A

8-10

38
Q

Associated with improved diet quality due to the increased opportunities for positive parenting

A

Regular family meals sitting at a table

39
Q

Undernutrition is usually an outcome of 3 factors

A

1) Household level food security 2) Access to health and sanitation services 3) Child caring practices

40
Q

Most important causes of undernutrition

A

1) Inadequate knowledge 2) Lack of time women have available for appropriate infant care practices and their own during pregnancy

41
Q

Most important factor for undernutrition in times of famine and emergency

A

Food insecurity

42
Q

Define food security

A

Access by all people at all times to sufficient foods in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity for an active and healthy lifestyle without risk of loss of such access

43
Q

Greatest risk of undernutrition occurs during

A

1) Pregnancy 2) First 2 years of life

44
Q

Effects of early damage due to undernutrition during pregnancy and first 2 years of life are potentially irreversible

A

T

45
Q

2 main causes of LBW

A

1) Prematurity (developed countries) 2) IUGR (developing countries)

46
Q

Measures skeletal growth which reflects the cumulative impact of events affecting nutritional status that result in stunting

A

Height for age

47
Q

Reflects chronic malnutrition

A

Height for age

48
Q

Most immediate consequence of undernutrition

A

Premature death

49
Q

Key interventions proven to be cost effective in reducing infant and child mortality, improving underweight rates, and reversing micronutrient deficiencies

A

1) EBF 2) Proper complementary feeding 3) Key hygiene behavior 4) Micronutrient interventions 5) Presumptive treatment for malaria for pregnant women in endemic malarial regions and promoting long-lasting insecticide treated bednets 6) Deworming and oral hydration 7) Fortifying

50
Q

Most severe forms of malnutrition

A

1) Maramus 2) Kwashiorkor

51
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Nonedematous

A

Marasmus

52
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Results primarily from inadequate ENERGY or BOTH energy and protein intake

A

Marasmus

53
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Edematous

A

Kwashiorkor

54
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Results primarily from inadequate PROTEIN intake

A

Kwashiorkor

55
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Failure to gain weight and irritability, followed by wt loss and listlessness until emaciation

A

Marasmus

56
Q

T/F In Kwashiorkor, edema occurs EARLY

A

T, can mask failure to gain weight

57
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Skin loses turgor and becomes wrinkled and loose

A

Marasmus

58
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Liver enlargement can occur

A

Kwashiorkor

59
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Dermatitis common

A

Kwashiorkor

60
Q

T/F In Marasmus, loss of fat from sucking pads of cheeks occurs early

A

F, late

61
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Muscle atrophy with resultant hypotonia

A

Marasmus

62
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair is sparse and thin

A

Kwashiorkor

63
Q

Chronic necrotizing ulceration of the gingiva and cheek caused by polymicrobial infection with F. necrophorum and P. intermedia

A

Noma

64
Q

Tx for Noma

A

Penicillin and Metronidazole

65
Q

3 phases of SAM treatment

A

1) Initial phase (1-7 days) 2) Rehabilitation phase (weeks 2-6) 3) Follow-up phase (weeks 7-26)

66
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Stabilization phase

A

Initial phase

67
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correction of dehy and initiation of antibiotic

A

Initial phase

68
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: F100 diet

A

Rehab phase

69
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: RUTF diet

A

Rehab phase

70
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Feeding to cover catch-up growth

A

Follow up phase

71
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Oral feedings started with specialized high-calorie formula like F75

A

Initial phase

72
Q

Initial caloric intake in the initial phase of SAM tx

A

80-100 kcal/kg/day

73
Q

Caloric content of F75

A

75kcal or 315kJ/100mL

74
Q

Protein content of F75

A

0.8g

75
Q

Caloric content of F100

A

100kcal or 420kJ/100mL

76
Q

Protein content of F100

A

2.9g

77
Q

Caloric goal in the rehab phase of SAM tx

A

100kcal/kg/day

78
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Iron therapy started

A

Rehab phase

79
Q

T/F Feeding during the follow up phase of SAM tx should be as libitum

A

T

80
Q

Hallmark of refeeding syndrome

A

Severe hypophosphatemis during the 1st week of starting to refeed

81
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Treat or prevent hypogly, hypothermia, dehy

A

First 1-2 days of intial phase

82
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct electrolyte imbalance

A

Initial to rehab phase

83
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Treat infection

A

Initial phase

84
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct micronutrient deficiencies without iron

A

Initial phase

85
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct micronutrient deficiencies with iron

A

Rehab phase

86
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correction of micronutrient deficiencies

A

Initial to rehab phase

87
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Increase feeding to recover lost weight

A

Rehab to ff up phase

88
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Prepare for discharge

A

Rehab phase

89
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Irritable

A

Marasmus

90
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Extremely emaciated

A

Marasmus

91
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Apathetic

A

Kwashiorkor

92
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Old man’s appearance

A

Marasmus

93
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Skin atrophic and cracked, prone to infection

A

Kwashiorkor

94
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Normal hair

A

Marasmus

95
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Frequent infections with minimal external signs (usually no fever)

A

Marasmus

96
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair yellow to reddish

A

Kwashiorkor

97
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Generally not dehydrated by can be hypovolemic

A

Kwashiorkor

98
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Frequently dehydrated and usually dehydration is overestimated

A

Marasmus

99
Q

Bilateral pitting edema of Kwashiorkor begins where

A

Lower legs and feet

100
Q

T/F Exclusion of peanut and nut products from maternal diet while breastfeeding promotes allergy prevention

A

T

101
Q

T/F Delay in introduction of major allergenic foods when complementary feeding promotes allergy prevention

A

T

102
Q

When to introduce cow’s milk to prevent allergy development

A

1 yr

103
Q

When to introduce egg to prevent allergy development

A

18-24 months

104
Q

When to introduce peanut and tree nuts to prevent allergy development

A

3 yrs

105
Q

When to introduce seafood to prevent allergy development

A

3 yrs