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Neurology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Potential energy is defined as a form of stored energy (True/False)

A

True

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2
Q

When the charge is different on both sides of the cell membrane a cell is said to be:

A

Polarized

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3
Q

What is the average resting membrane potential?

A

Average RMP is -70mv

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4
Q

What happens to Gated ion channels when they are stimulated by mechanical stimuli, electrical stimuli, chemical stimuli (e.g., neurotransmitters) or light stimuli?

A

The gates open

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5
Q

When all of the electrically gated Na+ channels open at the trigger zone and the electrical depolarization begins an action potential, this is known as:

A

Threshold stimulus

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6
Q

For the question above, what is the millivolt level at which this phenomenon occurs?

A

-55mv

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7
Q

What two (2) factors can influence the speed of the action potential down the axon?

A

Myelin

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8
Q

The largest diameter axons are which type of axons?

A

Type A

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9
Q

Action potentials travel in two directions. (True/False)

A

False

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10
Q

What type of conduction occurs at the neurofibril node and jumps from one node to the next?

A

Saltatory Conduction

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11
Q

What are the two phases of an action potential?

A

Depolarization and Repolarization

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12
Q

What is the area where two neurons meet, a neuron meets a muscle or a gland called?

A

A Synapse is a place where two neurons can meet.

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13
Q

Regarding the answer to question #1, what are the two types

A

1) Electrical synapse

2) Chemical synapse

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14
Q

What type of structure is one where the axon of pre-synaptic connects to soma of a post-synaptic neuron?

A

Axosomatic

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15
Q

The neuron before the synaptic cleft, that releases neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is called the ________________________.

A

Pre-synaptic neuron

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16
Q

The pre-synaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse. (True/False)

A

False

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17
Q

The pre-synaptic neuron releases chemical messengers called hormones. (True/False)

A

False

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18
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

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19
Q

Wallerian degeneration causes axons distal to a lesion to be phagocytized. (True/False)

A

True

20
Q

Which type of “summation” results from buildup of EPSPs from a single pre-synaptic neurons firing in succession?

A

Temporal summation

21
Q

What are the three main parts of the typical chemical synapse?

A

1) Synaptic end-bulb
2) Synaptic vesicles
3) Post-synaptic receptors
4) Synaptic cleft

22
Q

The input region of most sensory neurons is the sensory receptor. (True/False)

A

True

23
Q

What type of post-synaptic potentials result when Na+ ions enter a dendrite at a synapse, cause cells membrane depolarization, and can be added up (or summated) to depolarize the trigger zone to threshold?

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

24
Q

The vertebral body, the intervertebral disc, the pedicles and lamina make up what important structure that houses the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral Canal

25
Q

Name the three (3) spinal meninges.

A

Dura mater / Arachnoid mater / Pia mater

26
Q

What is the extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

27
Q

What is a section of the spinal cord and the two spinal nerves emerging from it called?

A

Spinal cord segment

28
Q

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of:

A

L1

29
Q

Which tract conveys the sensations of pain and temperature?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

30
Q

The fascia that surrounds a single nerve fiber is the:

A

Endoneurium

31
Q

What is the name of the group of spinal nerves traveling through the vertebral canal inferior to the spinal cord?

A

The Cauda Equina

32
Q

There are ____ pairs of cervical spinal nerves.

A

Eight

33
Q

The brachial plexus originates from what nerve root spinal segment(s)?

A

C5 to T1

34
Q

Name the three (3) descending tracts that carry motor neurons down from the brain and have autonomic control of the skeletal muscles.

A

Rubrospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

35
Q

A fast predictable automatic response to an environmental change is called a:

A

Reflex

36
Q

In addition to the transmission of impulses between the body and brain, the functions of the
spinal cord include:

A

Transmits impulses back and forth between the body and the brain.
Act as an integrating center for the spinal reflexes

37
Q

List the 5 components of a reflex arc (in proper order).

A

1) Sensory Receptor
2) Sensory Neuron
3) Integrating Center
4) Motor Neuron
5) Effector

38
Q

The stretch reflex and the tendon reflex following are examples of what kind of spinal reflex?

A

Monosegmental

39
Q

The withdrawal (flexor) reflex and the crossed extensor reflex are examples of what kind of spinal reflexes?

A

Polysegmental

40
Q

In a monosegmental spinal reflexes. The receptor and effector are innervated by the ________ cord segment.

A

same

41
Q

What kind of receptor is a muscle length receptor, responds to unexpected quick stretches, and stimulates the stretch reflex?

A

muscle spindle

42
Q

What are the specialized receptors located at the musculotendinous junction?

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

43
Q

What reflex is stimulated when the lower limb is in the flexed position?

A

Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex

44
Q

What reflex combines the flexor withdrawal and extensor thrust reflexes?

A

Crossed Extensor Reflex

45
Q

What reflex protects the muscle from being over stretched, is stimulated by stretch, and stimulates the agonist to contract?

A

stretch reflex

Neurology (3 decks)

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