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Neurology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

The two primary systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body are the _______ and _________ systems.

A

The two primary systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body are the nervous and endocrine systems.

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2
Q

The central nervous system includes the _____ and the ______ ____.

A

The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord.

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3
Q

Regarding the nervous system, the following is correct: _______: detect changes both internally and externally and sends it to the CNS; _____: reacts or responds to these changes; can be muscle contraction or glandular secretion; ___________: interprets these changes, compares it to past experience, and decides on a course of action.

A

Regarding the nervous system, the following is correct: sensory: detect changes both internally and externally and sends it to the CNS; motor: reacts or responds to these changes; can be muscle contraction or glandular secretion; integrative: interprets these changes, compares it to past experience, and decides on a course of action.

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4
Q

The _______ nervous system is the source of thoughts, behavior and emotions.

A

The central nervous system is the source of thoughts, behavior and emotions.

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5
Q

The __________ nervous system may be divided into somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems.

A

The peripheral nervous system may be divided into somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems.

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6
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _____ __ _______ or Neurofibril Nodes; are important for salutatory conduction which causes action potentials to jump from node to node; and are spaces between individual Oligodendrocytes or Neurolemmocytes.

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called Nodes of Ranvier or Neurofibril Nodes; are important for salutatory conduction which causes action potentials to jump from node to node; and are spaces between individual Oligodendrocytes or Neurolemmocytes

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7
Q

Potential energy is defined as a form of ______ energy

A

Potential energy is defined as a form of stored energy

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8
Q

A cell is said to be _________ when the charge is different on both sides of the cell membrane.

A

A cell is said to be polarized when the charge is different on both sides of the cell membrane.

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9
Q

The average resting membrane potential is -__ mv.

A

The average resting membrane potential is -70 mv.

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10
Q

Gated ion channels can be ______ via mechanical stimuli; electrical stimuli; chemical stimuli (e.g., neurotransmitters); and light stimuli.

A

Gated ion channels can be opened via mechanical stimuli; electrical stimuli; chemical stimuli (e.g., neurotransmitters); and light stimuli.

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11
Q

_________ is when all of the electrically gated Na+ channels open at the trigger zone; usually about –55mv; and the electrical depolarization at which an action potential begins.

A

Threshold is when all of the electrically gated Na+ channels open at the trigger zone; usually about –55mv; and the electrical depolarization at which an action potential begins.

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12
Q

The speed of the action potential is based on the ________ of the axon and the presence of ______.

A

The speed of the action potential is based on the diameter of the axon and the presence of myelin.

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13
Q

A _______ is the place where two neurons meet; a neuron meets a muscle; or a neuron meets a gland.

A

A synapse is the place where two neurons meet; a neuron meets a muscle; or a neuron meets a gland.

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14
Q

The two types of synapses are ________ and __________.

A

The two types of synapses are chemical and electrical.

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15
Q

Based on which structures are connecting, an __________ is where the axon of pre-synaptic connects to soma of a post-synaptic neuron.

A

Based on which structures are connecting, an Axosomatic is where the axon of pre-synaptic connects to soma of a post-synaptic neuron.

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16
Q

The neuron before the synaptic cleft, that releases neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is called the ___-synaptic neuron.

A

The neuron before the synaptic cleft, that releases neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is called the pre-synaptic neuron.

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17
Q

A _______ is the site of where two neurons or a neuron and an effector meet.

A

A synapse is the site of where two neurons or a neuron and an effector meet.

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18
Q

__________ post-synaptic potentials (_PSPs) result when Na+ ions enter a dendrite at a synapse; cause cells membrane depolarization; and can be added up (or summated) to depolarize the trigger zone to threshold

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) result when Na+ ions enter a dendrite at a synapse; cause cells membrane depolarization; and can be added up (or summated) to depolarize the trigger zone to threshold.

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19
Q

The vertebral body, the intervertebral disc, the pedicles and lamina make up the _________ _____.

A

The vertebral body, the intervertebral disc, the pedicles and lamina make up the vertebral canal.

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20
Q

The ______ ________ include the dura mater; the arachnoid mater; and the pia mater.

A

The spinal meninges include the dura mater; the arachnoid mater; and the pia mater.

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21
Q

The filum terminale is an extension of the pia mater that anchors the ______ ____ to the ______.

A

The filum terminale is an extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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22
Q

A section of the spinal cord and the two spinal nerves emerging from it is the spinal cord _______.

A

A section of the spinal cord and the two spinal nerves emerging from it is the spinal cord segment.

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23
Q

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of __.

A

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of L1.

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24
Q

Sensations of pain and temperature are conveyed by the _______ _____________ tracts.

A

Sensations of pain and temperature are conveyed by the lateral spinothalamic tracts.

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25
Q

A fast predictable automatic response to an environmental change is called a ______.

A

A fast predictable automatic response to an environmental change is called a reflex.

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26
Q

The functions of the ______ ____ include the transmission of impulses between the body and brain and the integration center for spinal reflexes.

A

The functions of the spinal cord include the transmission of impulses between the body and brain and the integration center for spinal reflexes.

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27
Q

The 5 components of a _______ ___ (in proper order) are receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector.

A

The 5 components of a reflex arc (in proper order) are receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector.

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28
Q

The following are _____________ spinal reflexes: the stretch reflex and the tendon reflex.

A

The following are monosegmental spinal reflexes: the stretch reflex and the tendon reflex.

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29
Q

The following are _____________ spinal reflexes: the withdrawal (flexor) reflex; and the crossed extensor reflex

A

The following are polysegmental spinal reflexes: the withdrawal (flexor) reflex; and the crossed extensor reflex

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30
Q

The following are features of _____________ spinal reflexes the receptor and effector are innervated by the same cord segment

A

The following are features of monosegmental spinal reflexes: the receptor and effector are innervated by the same cord segment

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31
Q

The cervical plexus originates from which spinal nerve roots _______.

A

The cervical plexus originates from which spinal nerve roots C1 - C5.

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32
Q

The brachial plexus originates from which spinal nerve roots _______.

A

The brachial plexus originates from which spinal nerve roots C5 - T1.

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33
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates _________________________________________.

A

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates all of the following except triceps brachii.

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34
Q

A person with ______ ______ ________ would have sensory deficit at the palmar surface of the thumb and lateral 2½ fingers

A

A person with carpal tunnel syndrome would have sensory deficit at the palmar surface of the thumb and lateral 2½ fingers

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35
Q

The nerve that innervates the diaphragm is the _______ nerve.

A

The nerve that innervates the diaphragm is the phrenic nerve.

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36
Q

A person with Claw Hand would have damage to the _____ nerve.

A

A person with Claw Hand would have damage to the ulnar nerve.

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37
Q

The lumbar plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots _______.

A

The lumbar plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots L1 - L4.

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38
Q

The sacral plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots _______.

A

The sacral plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots L4 – S4.

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39
Q

The _______ nerve gives off branches to the Hamstrings as it passes through the thigh.

A

The Sciatic nerve gives off branches to the Hamstrings as it passes through the thigh.

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40
Q

The ________ Gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus maximus.

A

The Inferior Gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus maximus.

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41
Q

A patient has difficulty flexing his hip and extending his knee due to a nerve injury. The nerve was most likely injured is the _______ nerve.

A

A patient has difficulty flexing his hip and extending his knee due to a nerve injury. The nerve was most likely injured is the Femoral nerve.

42
Q

The nerve supplying the biceps femoris muscle is the _______ nerve

A

The nerve supplying the biceps femoris muscle is the Sciatic nerve

43
Q

The network of capillaries that are covered by Ependymal cells and produce CSF is known as ________ ______.

A

The network of capillaries that are covered by Ependymal cells and produce CSF is known as choroids plexus.

44
Q

The cavities located within the brain are called __________.

A

The cavities located within the brain are called ventricles.

45
Q

CSF produced in the lateral ventricles goes to the ___ ventricle

A

CSF produced in the lateral ventricles goes to the 3rd ventricle

46
Q

CSF is absorbed into the venus sinus through the _________ _____.

A

CSF is absorbed into the venus sinus through the arachnoid villi.

47
Q

The _____ ____ includes the medulla oblongata; the midbrain; and the pons.

A

The brain stem includes the medulla oblongata; the midbrain; and the pons.

48
Q

A sudden noise occurs behind you and you turn your head in response. This reflex is stimulated by the inferior colliculli & CN ____.

A

A sudden noise occurs behind you and you turn your head in response. This reflex is stimulated by the inferior colliculli & CN VIII.

49
Q

The ________ includes the red nucleus; the corpora quadrigemmina; and the substantia nigra.

A

The midbrain includes the red nucleus; the corpora quadrigemmina; and the substantia nigra.

50
Q

Decussation of the pyramids occurs in the ________ _________

A

Decussation of the pyramids in the occurs medulla oblongata

51
Q

The medullary rhythmicity center in the brain stem is most important for controlling the rate and depth of _________.

A

The medullary rhythmicity center in the brain stem is most important for controlling the rate and depth of breathing.

52
Q

The _________ __________ system is responsible for maintaining consciousness.

A

The reticular activating system is responsible for maintaining consciousness.

53
Q

The ____________ is one of the major regulators of homeostasis including control of body temperature, hunger, thirst and maintaining wake and sleep patterns.

A

The hypothalamus is one of the major regulators of homeostasis including control of body temperature, hunger, thirst and maintaining wake and sleep patterns.

54
Q

Functions of the _________ include maintenance of normal muscle tone; posture and balance; and control of skeletal muscle contraction.

A

Functions of the cerebellum include maintenance of normal muscle tone; posture and balance; and control of skeletal muscle contraction.

55
Q

The commissural fibers, a type of white matter of the cerebrum, forms the ______ ________.

A

The commissural fibers, a type of white matter of the cerebrum, forms the Corpus Callosum.

56
Q

The sense of smell passes through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex. (T/F)

A

The sense of smell does not pass through the thalamus on it’s way to the cerebral cortex.

57
Q

Emotions come from the ______ system of the brain.

A

Emotions come from the limbic system of the brain.

58
Q

The epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus make up the ____________ of the brain.

A

The epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus make up the diencephalon of the brain.

59
Q

The _______ posterior nucleus of the thalamus relays sensory impulses for somatosensory sensations.

A

The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus relays sensory impulses for somatosensory sensations.

60
Q

The distorted map of a “little man” found in the primary somatosensory and motor area is called the _________.

A

The distorted map of a “little man” found in the primary somatosensory and motor area is called the homunculus.

61
Q

A shallow groove in the cerebrum is known as a ______.

A

A shallow groove in the cerebrum is known as a sulcus.

62
Q

The gyrus located near the central that functions as the primary _____________ area of the cerebral cortex is post-central gyrus.

A

The gyrus located near the central that functions as the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is post-central gyrus.

63
Q

The Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens cranial nerves cause movement of the _______.

A

The Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens cranial nerves cause movement of the eyeball.

64
Q

Cranial nerve ___ causes movement of almost all facial muscles.

A

Cranial nerve VII causes movement of almost all facial muscles.

65
Q

Cranial nerves ___ and __ are responsible for taste.

A

Cranial nerves VII and IX are responsible for taste.

66
Q

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X have _______________ functions.

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X have parasympathetic functions.

67
Q

Cranial nerve II is responsible for ______.

A

Cranial nerve II is responsible for vision.

68
Q

Cranial nerves __ & __ are responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing rate by monitoring blood pressure, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ion concentration.

A

Cranial nerves IX & X are responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing rate by monitoring blood pressure, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ion concentration.

69
Q

The abducens nerve is CN __.

A

The abducens nerve is CN VI.

70
Q

Most extrinsic muscles of the eye are innervated by CN ___

A

Most extrinsic muscles of the eye are innervated by CN III

71
Q

Damage to CN ____ could cause loss of balance & hearing & vertigo.

A

Damage to CN VIII could cause loss of balance & hearing & vertigo.

72
Q

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII are involved in __________.

A

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII are involved in swallowing.

73
Q

All of the following are true about the _______ ______: receptors are located in the head; they are more elaborate than the general sense receptors; and neurons that innervate these receptors travel in cranial nerves only.

A

All of the following are true about the special senses: receptors are located in the head; they are more elaborate than the general sense receptors; and neurons that innervate these receptors travel in cranial nerves only.

74
Q

Sense receptors located in the superior nasal membrane, the olfactory cells, are ______________.

A

Sense receptors located in the superior nasal membrane, the olfactory cells, are chemoreceptors.

75
Q

Aromatherapy can alter mood because olfactory input has strong connections with the ______ system.

A

Aromatherapy can alter mood because olfactory input has strong connections with the limbic system.

76
Q

The taste buds (receptors) located on the tongue are innervated by CNs ___ & ___.

A

The taste buds (receptors) located on the tongue are innervated by CNs VII & IX

77
Q

The following are the basic tastes: ____; ____; _____; ______; and _____.

A

The following are the basic tastes: sweet; sour; salty; bitter; and umami.

78
Q

The taste pathway eventually ends in the _________ area of the cortex.

A

The taste pathway eventually ends in the gustatory area of the cortex.

79
Q

The Vestibular organs that give us the sense of dynamic equilibrium are the ____________ canals.

A

The Vestibular organs that give us the sense of dynamic equilibrium are the semicircular canals.

80
Q

The bones that make up the auditory ossicles are the _______, _____ and ______.

A

The bones that make up the auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus and stapes

81
Q

The _______ tunic of the eye includes the white sclera.

A

The fibrous tunic of the eye includes the white sclera.

82
Q

Cones allow _____ vision

A

Cones allow color vision

83
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles are located deep in the dermis and respond to ________.

A

Pacinian Corpuscles are located deep in the dermis and respond to pressure.

84
Q

____________ is the ability to recognize by “feel” the size, shape, and texture of an object.

A

Stereognosis is the ability to recognize by “feel” the size, shape, and texture of an object.

85
Q

The kind of pain described as sharp, fast, or prickling is known as _____ pain.

A

The kind of pain described as sharp, fast, or prickling is known as acute pain.

86
Q

The kind of pain described in the above question travels along type _ fibers.

A

The kind of pain described in the above question travels along type A fibers.

87
Q

A male patient complains of chest pain and left arm pain. This pain is most likely indicating a problem with the _____.

A

A male patient complains of chest pain and left arm pain. This pain is most likely indicating a problem with the heart.

88
Q

The pain often experienced by patient’s who have had an amputation is known as _______ pain.

A

The pain often experienced by patient’s who have had an amputation is known as phantom pain.

89
Q

Nociceptors are receptors that can perceive ____.

A

Nociceptors are receptors that can perceive pain.

90
Q

Pain that has persisted for more than 6 months and has defied response to meaningful treatment is _______ pain.

A

Pain that has persisted for more than 6 months and has defied response to meaningful treatment is chronic pain.

91
Q

A patient complains of _____ shoulder pain may be referred from the liver/gall bladder.

A

A patient complains of right shoulder pain may be referred from the liver/gall bladder.

92
Q

Proprioeceptors found at the musculotendinous junction are _____ ______ organs.

A

Proprioeceptors found at the musculotendinous junction are golgi tendon organs.

93
Q

Receptors stimulated by changes in the concentration of ions in blood plasma would be classified as _____-receptors.

A

Receptors stimulated by changes in the concentration of ions in blood plasma would be classified as chemoreceptors.

94
Q

Sensory innervation from viscera is via general visceral ________ of the ANS.

A

Sensory innervation from viscera is via general visceral afferent of the ANS.

95
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord and synapse in ganglia with ____ post synaptic neuron(s).

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord and synapse in ganglia with many post synaptic neuron(s).

96
Q

Sweat glands; arrector pili muscles; and adipose cells only receive ___________ innervations.

A

Sweat glands; arrector pili muscles; and adipose cells only receive sympathetic innervations.

97
Q

The _______________ system stimulates salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation.

A

The parasympathetic system stimulates salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation.

98
Q

When an organ is said to be “______ innervated” it means an organ is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

A

When an organ is said to be “dually innervated” it means an organ is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

99
Q

increased heart rate; dilating the bronchioles; and decreased blood flow to viscera are all responses initiated by the ___________ nervous system (_NS).

A

increased heart rate; dilating the bronchioles; and decreased blood flow to viscera are all responses initiated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

100
Q

The adrenal medulla (an endocrine gland) is directly innervated by the __________ nervous system.

A

The adrenal medulla (an endocrine gland) is directly innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Neurology (3 decks)

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