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Flashcards in Final Deck (104)
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1
Q

what will branchial efferent fibers from the cranial root of cranial nerve XI innervate

A

intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx

2
Q

the cranial root of the eleventh cranial nerve is annexed by which nerve

A

vagus nerve

3
Q

what location gives rise to the spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve

A

spinal nucleus formed from the ventral horn of spinal cord levels C1-5

4
Q

what is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve

A

it is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranial nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum

5
Q

what will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate

A

sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles

6
Q

branches of the 12th cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus muscle, styloglossus muscle, and hyoglossus muscle

7
Q

recurrent meningeal branches from the 12th cranial nerve will arise from what area of the cranial vault

A

dura mater of hte posterior cranial fossa

8
Q

peripheral processes from sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa will be conveyed from the 12th cranial nerve to what nerve

A

ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve

9
Q

peripheral processes associated with the 12th cranial nerve arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location

A

teh dorsal root ganglion of C1

10
Q

central processes from pseudounipolar afferent neurons associated with the 12th cranial nerve synapse at what location

A

dorsal horn of C1

11
Q

what is hte morphological classification of afferent neurons in the dorsal nerve root ganglion

A

pseudounipolar neuron

12
Q

what is the morphological classification of motor neurons

A

multipolar neurons

13
Q

what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve

A

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

14
Q

what part of an afferent neuron is conveyed in the dorsal nerve root

A

central sensory process

15
Q

what are the subdivisions of hte visceral division of the peripheral nerve system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

16
Q

what is hte function of hte enteric nerve system

A

control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, microcirculation and regulation of the immune and inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract

17
Q

what are locations for neurons of the enteric nerve system

A

myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of Meissner

18
Q

what is the presumed role of the interstitial cell of Cajal

A

they act as pacemakers for hte slow wave, continuous peristaltic activity of the gut

19
Q

what function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach

A

peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract

20
Q

what function is primarily emphasized for hte submucosal plexus of Meissner

A

influence on hte process of secretion/ absorption of the gut

21
Q

other than ganglia or plexuses, in what additional location will neural crest cells associated with the sympathetic division be located

A

adrenal medulla

22
Q

how many paravertebral ganglia are present in the adult

A

21 pair or 42 paravertebral ganglion

23
Q

the superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paraverterbal ganglia

A

C1-4 paravertebral ganglion

24
Q

the stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglion

A

C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia

25
Q

which paravertebral ganglia fuse to form the ganglion impar

A

both sacrococcygeal ganglia fuse in the midline, S5 and Co1 paravertebral ganglia on both sides fuse in the midline

26
Q

what are the names of teh most consistent prevertebral ganglia

A

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesentertic ganglion

27
Q

which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies

A

cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus and inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus

28
Q

based on hte target cell innervated, what are the classifications given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers

A

vasomotor fiber, pilomotor fiber, sudomotor fiber and secretomotor fiber

29
Q

which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

none… these are parasympathetic efferent nerves

30
Q

what rami will communicate with the paravertebral ganglia

A

white rami communicans, gray rami communicans, interganglionic rami communicans and splanchnic nerves

31
Q

what is the termination of hte horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway

A

smooth muscle or glandular tissure in the parietal wall of hte thorax and upper abdomen; territory roughly corresponding to the T1-12, L1-2 dermatomes

32
Q

what is hte termination of hte ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway

A

smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity

33
Q

in the descending pathway, what is the location of they preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber

A

in a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin

34
Q

in the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of hte preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber

A

in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus

35
Q

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery

A

inferior cervical ganglion

36
Q

postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structure in the pathway to the eye

A

internal carotid artery nerve plexus

37
Q

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in teh pathway to the head

A

superior cervical ganglion

38
Q

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart

A
  1. paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-4, T5
  2. any cervical paravertebral ganglion
  3. cardiac plexus
39
Q

where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

40
Q

which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers

A

nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves

41
Q

what is the name of hte largest medullary feeder artery

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz or hte arteria radicalis magna anterior

42
Q

what are the characteristics of hte Artery of Adamkiewicz

A

it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

43
Q

what will the intervertebral veins drain into

A

the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson’s plexus

44
Q

what is a unique histological feature of hte veins of the vertebral column

A

they lack valves

45
Q

what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics

A

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of hte nerve root decreases

46
Q

what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve

A

teh sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotranserse bar & the vertebral artery

47
Q

what forms the lumbosacral tunnel

A

the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

48
Q

what condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve

A

far out syndrome

49
Q

what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body

A

tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis

50
Q

what are examples of acquired alterations of hte spinal curves identified in class

A

obesity, pregnancy and the use of backpacks

51
Q

what is unusual about hte cervical annulus fibrosus

A

it lack any lamellar or layered organgization

52
Q

what is hte organization of collagen fibers between lamellae

A

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral– counterspiral organization is observed

53
Q

what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration

A

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

54
Q

what are the sources of innervation of hte intervertebral disc

A

the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans

55
Q

what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrousus of hte intervertebral disc

A

the paradiscal ramus communicans

56
Q

what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become

A

the perichordal disc

57
Q

what is the earliest indicator of hte position of hte adult intervertebral disc

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

58
Q

what is hte ossification of hte anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as

A

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or DISH

59
Q

what is hte clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine

A

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

60
Q

what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and history

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament

61
Q

what is the name given to the superficial layer of hte ligamentum nuchae

A

the funicular layer or part

62
Q

what forms the ventral sip of hte intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine

A

a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of hte intervertebral foramen

63
Q

what is ADI

A

teh atlanto-dental interspace, a radiographic distance between teh surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

64
Q

what is the ADI of children

A

about 4.5 mm

65
Q

what are the attachment sites for teh accessory ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint

A

the base of the odontoid proces and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas

66
Q

what are the degrees of one side axial rotation facilitated at teh atlanto-axial joint

A

about 40 degrees one side axial roation

67
Q

teh occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial roation

A

about 60%

68
Q

what is the embryonic dervative of hte apical ligament of hte dens or teh apicodental ligament

A

the notochord

69
Q

what are the attachement sites for the atnerior atlanto-dental ligament

A

the alar ligament and ipsilateral lateral mass of C1

70
Q

what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane

A

the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C3 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

71
Q

which vertebral couples of hte thoracic spine have the greatest motion

A

T11/T12 and T12/L1

72
Q

which of hte current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions

A

teh superior iliolumbar ligament

73
Q

which vertebral couple of hte lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion

A

L5/S1

74
Q

list in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of hte spinal canal

A

membrana tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament

75
Q

list in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal

A

posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum and the superifical dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament

76
Q

what is the auricular surface of hte ilium composed of

A

articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

77
Q

what does ankylosis mean

A

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

78
Q

what passes between the layers of eh interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

A

dorsal rami from teh sacral spinal nerves

79
Q

which of he sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint

A

the intra-articular ligament

80
Q

what is the classification of he sixth thru ninth interchondral joints

A

diarthrosis arthrodia

81
Q

what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size

A

the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion

82
Q

what is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins

A

unlike other artery-vein combos they will not share the same opening the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure

83
Q

what are the contents of the foramen spinosum

A

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery

84
Q

what forms the roof of hte posterior cranial fossa

A

tentorium cerbelli

85
Q

what can the five layers of the scalp spell

A
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
SCALP
86
Q

what are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp

A

skin, neurovascular, muscular, loose connective tisssue, periosteum

87
Q

which muscles lack any attachment to bone

A

orbicularis oris, procerus, risorius

88
Q

what is the name given to the medial wall of hte orbit

A

lamina papyracea

89
Q

identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit

A

superior wall: optic canal
medial wall: anterior ethmoid & posterior ethmoid foramia
lateral wall: superior orbital fissure
inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure

90
Q

what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of teh palperbra

A

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

91
Q

what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid & pupil

92
Q

what is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball

A

aqueous humor

93
Q

what fills the vitreous chamber

A

vitreous body

94
Q

what is the common characteristic regarding eh insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles

A

both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the equator

95
Q

what is the common characterstic concerning the insertion of hte superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles

A

they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the equator and are displaced slightly medially

96
Q

what is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of hte auricle

A

ponticulus

97
Q

skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands

A

ceruminous glands

98
Q

what branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it

A

chorda tympani nerve

99
Q

describe the result of sympathetic innervation in the parotid gland

A

vasoconstriction of arteries reduces available water to form saliva and results in a thick, mucous like product

100
Q

what action will parasympathetic innervation have on the parotid gland

A

vasodilation of arteries resulting in a thinner, watery, or whey-like saliva

101
Q

the otic ganglion will be located in what region of the head

A

infratemporal region

102
Q

what are teh attachment sites of the lateral/temporomandibular ligament

A

zygomatic process and articular tubercle of the temporal bone to neck of hte mandible

103
Q

what are the attachment sites of teh stylomandibular ligament

A

styloid process of hte temporal bone to the angle of the mandible

104
Q

what are the attachment sites of hte sphenomandibular ligament

A

the spine of hte sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible