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Endocrinology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What did Han Selye do

A

He did work on stress adaptation and what stress does to the body

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2
Q

What are the stages in stress adaptation

A

Alarm stage
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage

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3
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

Superior part of the kidney

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4
Q

What part of the supra renal gland produces hormones

A

Outer portion (Zona Glomerulosa)

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5
Q

What hormones are produced in the Zona Glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoid

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6
Q

What is the function of the Zona Glomerulosa

A

Renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

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7
Q

The Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal gland controls secretions of which anterior pituitary hormones

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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8
Q

What does angiotensin II do

A

Causes Vasoconstriction and increases BP because of that

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9
Q

What does the release of angiotensin II do to adrenal glands

A

Stimulates secretion of Aldosterone

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10
Q

Where is Angiotensin II released from

A

the liver

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11
Q

What does the Atrial natriuretic factor affect

A

The heart

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12
Q

What does the Zona Fasciculate release

A

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol, corticosterone)

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13
Q

What is the primary function of Glucocorticoids

A

Metabolism of glucose

Increase blood glucose

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14
Q

What are the secondary functions of Glucocorticoids from the Zona Fasciculate

A 
Increase protein catabolism
increase carb catabolism
increase lipid catabolism
Increase renal reabsorption
Acts as anti-allergic agent
turns down inflammation
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15
Q

What does the zona Reticularis release

A

Androstenedione

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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16
Q

What is androstenedione a precursor for

A

Testosterone

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17
Q

What regulates adrenal androgen

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)

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18
Q

What are the parts of the outer cortex of the adrenal glands

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculate
Zona Reticularis

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19
Q

What is the inner portion of the adrenal glands called

A

Medulla

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20
Q

What does the Medulla of the adrenal glands secrete

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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21
Q

What is the site of synthesis for epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

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22
Q

what is the chemical class for epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Mono-amino-acid derivatives

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23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla receives sympathetic input from

A

Preganglionic from T5-T11

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24
Q

What is the Adrenal hyposecretion disorder discussed in class

A

Addison’s disease

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25
Q

What is the Adrenal hypersecretion disorder discussed in class

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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26
Q

what disease discussed in class has Generalized skin pigmentation on the palmer skin, gums, nails

A

Addisons

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27
Q

What disease discussed in class causes fattening of the face and a fatty deposit at the base of the neck

A

Cushings disease

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28
Q

What are the adrenals producing too little of in Addison’s disease

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal insufficiency

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease

A 
Muscle weakness + fatigue
Wt loss
Decreased appetite
Hyperpigmentation
Low BP
Hair loss
Sexual dysfunction
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30
Q

People with addisons disease with have a craving for what

A

Salt

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31
Q

What type of hormone is importatnt in sexual development in men

A

Androgens

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32
Q

What adrenal hormone influences muscle mass

A

Androgens

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33
Q

What adrenal hormone gives both men and women libido and a sense of well being

A

Androgens

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34
Q

What are the primary reasons for adrenal damage

A 
Adrenal cortex damaged
autoimmune disease
TB
infections
Cancer
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35
Q

What are secondary reasons for adrenal insufficiency

A

Pitutary gland disease

Corticosteroids for tx

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36
Q

What diseases might require someone take corticosteroids that could damage the pititary

A

Asthma
Arthritis
Abruptly stopping meds

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37
Q

What is produced too much in Cushing’s disease

A

Cortisol

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38
Q

what are symptoms of Cushings disease

A 
Thinning of skin
Bruising
high BP
Wt gain
Moon face (puffy face)
Buffalo hump
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39
Q

What hormones are released by the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin
Rennin
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

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40
Q

Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) released in adults and in the fetus

A 
Adults = Kidney
Fetus = Liver
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41
Q

What does Erythropoietin do

A

Stimulate development of RBC

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42
Q

What controls the secretions of Erythropoietin

A

Endorphins
Substance P
Oxytocin
Thyroxine

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43
Q

What where blood tests in sports originally used to test for

A

Recombinant human erythropoietin, to prevent high levels of heamotcrit

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44
Q

What does the Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do

A

Regulate Blood pressure and fluid balance

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45
Q

What happens when there is a loss of blood volume of blood pressure

A

The Macula densa cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

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46
Q

What happens to Glomerular filtration rate when the Macula densa senses a decrease in BP

A

it decreases

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47
Q

What does the Macula densa cells sense

A

The concentration of sodium

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48
Q

What happens when the macula densa senses decreased sodium

A

Stimulates the release of Renin

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49
Q

What does plasma renin activate the conversion of

A

Angiotensinogen from liver to angiotensin I then to angiotensin II

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50
Q

What cells release renin into circulation

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

51
Q

Renin stimulates release of norepinephrine which then causes what to happen

A

Vasoconstriction of vessels to increase BP when BP is low

52
Q

Ultimately the job of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is to do what

A

Bring blood pressure up to normal

53
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

What do antidiuretic hormones do

A

Regulate amount of water excreted by the kidneys

55
Q

What is the hypothalamus monitoring in order to determine if ADH needs to be released

A

Volume passing through hypothalamus

Concentration of water in the blood

56
Q

What organ is the primary target for aldosterone

A

The kidneys

57
Q

What is the main important function of aldosterone

A

Sodium and water absorption

58
Q

What do the parathyroids regulate

A

Calcium and phosphate

59
Q

Where is Atrial Natriuretic peptide synthesised

A

Atrium of the heart

60
Q

What does Atrial natriuretic peptide do

A

Stimulate renal excretion of sodium

61
Q

How does atrial natriuretic peptide stimulate renal excretion of sodium

A

Decreasing secretion of angiotensin II

Decreasing secretion of Aldosterone

62
Q

What is decreased in Central Diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased output of antidiuretic hormone

63
Q

What happens when there is a decreased output of antidiruetic hormone

A

Excessive urine output (polyuria)

Excessive thirst

64
Q

How does the body compensate for reduced ADH in central diabetes insipidus

A

Increased aldosterone after compensation to try and increase BP

65
Q

What is happening in Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased Sensitivity to ADH

Increased Secretion of ADH

66
Q

What drug can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

67
Q

What chromosome carries a gene that can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

X chromosome

68
Q

What concentrations of Calcium and potassium can block ADH

A

High Calcium

Low potassium

69
Q

What is happening with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

A

Excessive ADH secretion

70
Q

What can be a complication caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

A

Fluid overload

71
Q

What can cause syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

A

Strokes
Head trauma
Brain tumors

72
Q

What hormones are released from beta cells in the pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

73
Q

Which pancreatic cells release insulin

A

Beta cells - Islets of Langerhans

74
Q

Which pancreatic cells release Glucagon

A

Alpha cells - islets of langerhans

75
Q

What is the function of Glucagon

A

Increase Blood glucose

Decrease plasma calcium

76
Q

Why are people with Type 1 diabetes insulin dependent

A

Not enough cells to produce insulin

77
Q

What is happening in type 2 diabetes

A

Decrease insulin secretion and sensitivity

78
Q

What caues the decrease of beta cells in type 1 diabetes

A

Antibodies attack pancreas

79
Q

What are some complications of Diabetes

A

Detached retina
Diabetic neuropathy
Glaucoma

80
Q

What is the job of FSH and LH

A

Stimulate gonads
Essential for reproduction
Regulate aspects of gonadal function in both sexes

81
Q

What does LH do in the testes

A

Binds to Leydig cells which produce testosterone

82
Q

What does LH do in the ovaries

A

Converts LH to testosterone when is then converted into estrogen

83
Q

What converts Testosterone into estrogen in the ovaries

A

Granulosa cells

84
Q

What is the function of FSH in women

A

Stimulate ovarian follicles

85
Q

What is the function of FSH in men

A

Supports sperm cell maturation

Supports function of Sertoli cells

86
Q

What stimulates the secretion of LH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

87
Q

What inhibit secretions of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Sex steroids that it stimulates the release of (neg feedback)

88
Q

What happens if FSH is low in males

A

ED
decreased libido
infertility
low energy

89
Q

What are symptoms of FSH in males

A

Headachs
Visual impairment
Hormonal deficiencies

90
Q

What are symptoms of low and high FSH in females

A

Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea
infertility

91
Q

What is Clomid

A

Fertility drug that induces ovulation

92
Q

How does Clomid induce ovulation

A

Increase Gonadotropin thus increasing LH and FSH

93
Q

What are some side effects of Clomid

A

Headache
Blurred vision
abnormal bleeding

94
Q

What cells secrete gastrin

A

G cells in the stomach

95
Q

What does Gastrin do

A

Increase gastric acid secretions

96
Q

What releases somastatin

A

D cells in GI tract

97
Q

What does somastatin do

A

Reduce gastrin in stomach acid

98
Q

What hormone stimulates appetite

A

Grehlin

99
Q

What cells secrete secretin

A

S cells in the duodenum and jejunum

100
Q

What secretes motilin

A

Small intestine - Colon

101
Q

What does Secretin do

A

Dilution and neutralization of stomach acid

102
Q

What does Motilin do

A

Controls peristalsis

103
Q

What does low T4 mean

A

Diseased thyroid

Non functioning pituitary gland not stimulating thyroid

104
Q

What happens if T4 is low and TSH is high

A

Problem with thyroid gland

105
Q

What happens if T4 is low and TSH is low

A

Pituitary problem

106
Q

What test measures Thyroid hormones

A

Radioimmunoassay T7

107
Q

What test is used to determine Thyroid binding globulin

A

Thyroid binding globulin test

108
Q

What happens if Thyroid binding globulin is high or low

A

It can cause there to be high or low T4 and T3

109
Q

What hormone will rise when the thyroid can’t produce enough T4 or T3

A

TSH

110
Q

Hypothyroid patients take up (too much/too little) iodine

A

Too little

111
Q

Hyperthryroid patients take up (too much/Too little) iodine

A

Too much

112
Q

What test measures glucose in blood after fasting for 8 hours

A

Fasting blood glucose test

113
Q

Where is estrogen produced

A

Ovaries
Fat cells
Adrenal glands

114
Q

What does Estrogen do

A

Regulate menstrual cycle
Control lactation
Bone formation with vit D
Maintain vaginal wall

115
Q

What are the three types of Estrogen

A

Estrone
Estradiol
Estriol

116
Q

Where is progesterone released from

A

The corpus luteum

117
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Prepares the body for pregnancy

118
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy

A

Maintain endometrium

Prevents other oocytes from maturing

119
Q

What is progesterone therapy used for in males

A

To help with prostate problems

120
Q

What does progesterone do at a neurological level

A

Supports development of neurons in the brain

121
Q

Progesterone has been shown to do what to those with traumatic brain injury

A

Have a neurogeneration effect

122
Q

What controls the level of testosterone in the body

A

Pituitary gland

123
Q

What plays a major role in male reproductive organs, increasing muscle mass and bone mass

A

Testosterone

124
Q

Low testosterone will have what kind of affect in men and women

A

Low libido

Endocrinology (3 decks)

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