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Flashcards in Final Exam Deck (90)
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1
Q

What are the five steps in preparing medicinal plants

A

Collecting, drying,storage, infusion and additional preparation

2
Q

Where is the best place to dry plants

A

in a dry and dark place, or as thin layers on a flat surface

3
Q

Where is the best place for plant storage after drying and for how long

A

Glass jars or paper bags for at least a few years

4
Q

How long should infusion last for

A

tea should be steeped for at least 5-10 mins

5
Q

In syrups, microorganisms cannot develop when sugar content is over ____ %

A

65%

6
Q

What is tincture

A

active ingredients are extracted with ethanol

7
Q

T or F: 1 in 4 drugs in North America are related to plants

A

T

8
Q

___% of medicinal treatments based on plants

A

75

9
Q

what is yin, yang

A

the two complimentary aspects that make up every phenomenon in the universe

10
Q

How ancient is ayurvedic medicine

A

4000 ya

11
Q

Philosophy is a fusion of what two cultures

A

Hinduism and Buddhism

12
Q

Who is the doctorine of signatures and the father of toxicology

A

Paracelsus

13
Q

The essence of plant treatment against cancer substances is they act as ______ ______

A

mitotic inhibitors

14
Q

What is the world tree

A

Yggdrasil

15
Q

What is the madagascar periwinkle

A

used in ayurveda and chinese medicine agains lymphoma

16
Q

how does the periwinkle fight against lymphoma

A

alkaloids bind to sites of tubulin inhibiting microtubules

17
Q

How does the mayapple prevent against cancer

A

inhibits topoisomerase II

18
Q

________ is used in the treatment of childhood leukaemia

A

Teniposide

19
Q

Amygdalin –> __________

A

Cyanide

20
Q

What are phytochemicals

A

chemicals that occur naturally in vegetables, fruits, grains and seeds that prevent cancer and other diseases

21
Q

Dithiones in broccoli stimulate what?

A

the liver and inhbit cancer

22
Q

What plants are good for heartburn

A

Peppermint, caraway, fennel, hops

23
Q

how does peppermint stop indigestion

A

methanol inhibits smooth muscle

24
Q

What are some purgatives (laxatives)

A

aloe, psyllum, rhammus

25
Q

what is the difference between a bylk and a stimulative purgative

A

bulk increases the volume of the intestinal wall, stimulative stimulates peristaltic activity

26
Q

what is psyllium

A

produces a slippery mass that speeds waste through digestive tract (metamucil)

27
Q

what is aloe

A

leaf sap contains antiquinones that stimulate paristalsis

28
Q

What is an example of an antidiarrheal

A

goldenseal

29
Q

What is an example of an anti motion sickness

A

ginger

30
Q

what are examples of anthemelminthics

A

cystene, wormwood, pomegranate

31
Q

What are some examples of anti gas plants

A

mint, thyme, rosemary, oregano, balm

32
Q

define edema

A

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues

33
Q

how to cardiotonic plants work

A

increase the force of heart muscle contractions without increasing O2 consumption

34
Q

What are some examples that stop hypertension and how

A

Snake root, reserpine, garlic, increase norepinephrine

35
Q

what are an example that stops hypotension and how

A

ephedra, increases noradrenaline

36
Q

what is an example that stops cardiac arrhythmia

A

hawthorn, dialates blood vessels

37
Q

What is an example that helps with peripheral-cerebral circulatory stimulation

A

Ginko

38
Q

What are some plants that reduce cholesterol and blood clots

A

garlic, oat, flax, soybean

39
Q

define phytosterols

A

steroid compounds found in plants that mimic cholesterol

40
Q

what are some plants that promote prostate health

A

stinging nettle, saw palmetto, pomegranate and tomato

41
Q

what are some plants that promote fertility and help with erectile dysfunction

A

horny goat weed, dodder

42
Q

what are some plants that act as spermicides

A

sesbana sesban, justica gedarussa, papaya

43
Q

define phytoestrogens

A

steroidal compounds that mimic female reproductive hormones

44
Q

what are some plants that contain phytoestrogens

A

soy, flax, nuts, whole grains, fennel, apples, celery, kiwi

45
Q

when was the first contraceptive made and from what

A

1952, wild yams

46
Q

what activates serotonin receptors to aid with menstural cramps

A

black cohosh

47
Q

what plant aids in PMS

A

Dong Quai

48
Q

What fruit prevents UTIs

A

Cranberry

49
Q

What are bronchodialators

A

relax smooth muscles of the bronchioles, therefore diminishing air obstruction

50
Q

what are some examples of bronchodialators

A

ma huang, cameelia tea

51
Q

what are expectorants

A

stimulate bronchial secretion and enhance expulsion of mucus, making it easier to cough up plegm

52
Q

wha t are some examples of expectorants

A

guaifenesin, vasaka, verbascum, thyme, ivy

53
Q

what is an examples of an antitussive

A

opium poppy

54
Q

what are some aids for the common cold

A

echinacea, elder, eucalyuptus, menthol

55
Q

what are some exmaples of sedatives

A

valerian, hops, passion flower

56
Q

what is an example for curing anxiety

A

kava kava

57
Q

what is an examples for curin gdepression

A

st. johns wort, rhodiola

58
Q

what is an example of a plant that cures migranes

A

feverfew

59
Q

what are some examples of plants that help with dimentia

A

narcissus, galanthus, firmoss

60
Q

define adaptogen and what are some examples

A

a metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt to stress ex. ginseng and rhodiola

61
Q

what are some plants that help with wounds

A

yarrow, witch hazel, marigold

62
Q

what are some plants that help with burns

A

arnica

63
Q

what are some anti inflammatory plants

A

birch, wintergreen, spinanea

64
Q

what is salicyclic acid

A

a phytohormone that mediates plant defense agains pathogens by production of specific proteins and activate other defnese mechanisms

65
Q

how does asprin work

A

supresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes which is done thorugh the irreversable inactivation of the COX enzyme

66
Q

what are some antimicrobial palnts

A

chamomille, tea tree oil

67
Q

what was the first treatment for malaria

A

jesuit bark (quinine)

68
Q

how to hexing herbs work

A

contain inhibitors of acetylcholine

69
Q

what are some examples of hexing herbs

A

mandagora, henbane, belladonna

70
Q

who defined the nature of witchcraft

A

Malleus Maleficarum

71
Q

what is atropine

A

has a stimulant on the CNS and heart

72
Q

what are some psychoactive solancae in america

A

angel trumpet, jimsonweeds, tabacco

73
Q

what are some characteristics of poppies

A

sap white, 4 petals, many stamens, latex contains may alkaloids

74
Q

wht was opium originally used to treat

A

athsma, motion sickness and bad eyesight

75
Q

what was morphine originally used for

A

to treat opium addicts

76
Q

how synthesized heroin

A

Hoffman

77
Q

What are DMT plants

A

they are structurally analogous to serotonin and bind to the receptors

78
Q

T or F: many common grasses contain DMT

A

T

79
Q

what are MAO inhibitors

A

used to make DMT orally active

80
Q

What are some Lysergic acid plants

A

morning glory, turbina, argyrevia nervosa

81
Q

What is curane

A

powerful muscle relaxant that causes death

82
Q

what is kombe

A

cardiac relaxant that causes death

83
Q

what is aconite

A

causes respiratory paralysis

84
Q

what is yeww

A

causes heart faliure

85
Q

Poison Hemlock is native to?

A

europe

86
Q

Spotted water hemlock is native to where

A

N america

87
Q

T or F: many plants contain cyanide

A

T

88
Q

Who was a professional poisoner in the 17th century

A

Julia Tofana

89
Q

How did the KGB kill

A

Ricin

90
Q

What is the third most toxic after plutonium and botulism

A

ricin