FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Flashcards Preview

Anatomy & Physiology > FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER > Flashcards

Flashcards in FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Deck (1470)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts

A

anatomy

2
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions.

A

physiology

3
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

all specific functions are performed by

A

specific structures

4
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life

A

homeostasis

5
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

A

negative feedback

6
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in ___________ a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus, creating a ___________ loop

A

positive feedback

positive feedback loop

7
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)

A

prone

8
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)

A

supine

9
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: a structure above another

A

superior

10
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: a structure below another

A

inferior

11
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the head

A

cephalic

12
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the tail

A

caudal

13
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: the front of the body

A

anterior

14
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: the back of the body

A

posterior

15
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the belly

A

ventral

16
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the back, synonymous w/posterior

A

dorsal

17
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure

A

proximal

18
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure

A

distal

19
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

20
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward the midline of the body

A

medial

21
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: toward or on the surface

A

superficial

22
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: away from the surface, internal

A

deep

23
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the 3 planes of the body

A

frontal
sagittal
transverse

24
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is another name for frontal plane

A

coronal

25
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2 main cavities

A

dorsal

ventral

26
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what cavities does the dorsal cavity contain

A

cranial

spinal

27
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what divides the ventral cavity

A

diaphragm

28
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the ventral cavity divided into

A

thoracic

abdominopelvic

29
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does the thoracic cavity contain

A

pleural cavities

pericardial cavity

30
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does the pleural cavity contain

A

lungs

31
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does the pericardial cavity contain

A

heart

32
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain

A

abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity

33
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the science that looks at the structure of matter

A

chemistry

34
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

35
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: are the smallest stable units of matter

A

atoms

36
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

atoms are composed of

A

subatomic particles

37
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the 3 subatomic particles in atom

A

protons
neutron
electron

38
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

proton has ___________ charge

A

positive

39
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neutron has ___________ charge

A

no

40
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

electron has ___________ charge

A

negative

41
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________: is the number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

42
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the types of chemical bonds

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

43
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ us a bond formed by attraction of opposite charges

A

ionic

44
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ bond involves sharing of electrons

A

covalent

45
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ bond is a weak bond involving hydrogen bonding with another atom/molecule

A

hydrogen

46
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the energy of motion or doing work

A

kinetic

47
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is energy that has the potential to do work (stored energy)

A

potential

48
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are 3 types of reactions that occur

A

decomposition
synthesis
exchange

49
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments

A

decomposition

50
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components

A

synthesis

51
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the shuffling around of parts of the molecules to form a new compound

A

exchange

52
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is building up molecules

A

anabolism

53
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is breaking down molecules

A

catabolism

54
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ lower the activation energy

A

enzymes

55
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means water loving

A

hydrophilic

56
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means water fearing

A

hydrophobic

57
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

things that are ___________ are hydrophilic

A

polar

58
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

things that are ___________ are hydrophobic

A

non-polar

59
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what creates a solution

A

solutes

solvent

60
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ph scale measures

A

concentration H+

61
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

high ph are called

A

acids

62
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

low ph are called

A

basic or alkaline

63
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

organic compounds all contain

A

carbon

64
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

organic compounds /carbon bonds

A

covalently 4 times

65
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 examples of organic macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

66
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are chains of monosaccharides

A

carbohydrates

67
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

monosaccharides provide the body with

A

energy

68
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

example of monosaccharid

A

glucose

69
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

70
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lipids are ___________, ___________, ands ___________ and a subcategory called

A

fats
waxes
oils
steroids

71
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lipids are ___________, ___________, ___________ chains

A

triglycerides
glycerol
3 fatty acid (FA)

72
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if the fatty acid chain has a double bond (lipids) it is

A

unsaturated

73
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if the fatty acid chain in a lipid doesn’t have double bond it is

A

saturated

74
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of lipids include

A

energy storage

insulation

75
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is most abundant organic compound in body

A

proteins

76
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

proteins contain a ___________ group and are varied in size

A

nitrogenous

77
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

proteins are chains of ___________ primarily

A

amino acids

78
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

protein amino acids may become

A

alpha helices
beta sheets
globular

79
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nucleic acids include

A

DNA

RNA

80
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

81
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

82
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

types of RNA

A

messenger mRNA
transfer tRNA
ribosomal rRNA

83
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nucleic acids are chains of ___________

A

nucleotides

84
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nucleotides have ___________ bases

A

nitrogenous

85
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)

86
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the replacement of T nitrogenous base on RNA

A

uracil (U)

87
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of nucleic acids include

A

storage of genes

peptide/protein synthesis

88
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Genes mostly contain code for

A

synthesis of protien

89
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in ___________, a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases on the DNS is matched by the mRNA

A

transcription

90
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in ___________ the mRNA is matched by the tRNA

A

translation

91
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

DNA in transcription is called

A

triplet

92
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mRNA in transcription is called

A

codon

93
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tRNA in translation is called

A

anticodon

94
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the high energy molecule for cells

A

adenosine triphoshate (ATP)

95
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2 classes of cells in human body

A

somatic

gametic

96
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are somatic cells

A

body cells

97
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are gametic cells

A

sex cells

98
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the cell membrane is a ___________ bilayer

A

phosopholipid

99
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hydrophilic heads of the cell membrane face the

A

membrane surface

100
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are embedded in the cell membrane

A

proteins

101
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the carbohydrate end of the phosopholipid bilayer extends out beyond the cell membrane forming a

A

glycocalyx

102
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cell membranes are ___________ permeable

A

selectively

103
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A

diffusion

104
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the net diffusion of water

A

osmosis

105
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ requires ATP to move material against the gradient

A

active transportation

106
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ occurs by diffusion

A

passive transportation

107
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

108
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ importing into the cell

A

endocytosis

109
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ taking in little bits of water

A

pinocytosis

110
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ taking in debris

A

phagocytosis

111
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ exporting outside the cell

A

exocytosis

112
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if a rbc is in an isotonic solution it does what

A

maintain its shape

113
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if a rbc is in hypotonic solution

A

blows up

114
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ destroy cell

A

lyse

115
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if rbc is in hypertonic solution it will

A

crenate (shrivel/prune)

116
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

117
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the intracelluar fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble proteins

A

cytosol

118
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are isolated from cytosol by their ___________

A

membranous organelles

membranes

119
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

120
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does nucleus contain

A

genetic info

121
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

DNA forms a ___________

A

chromatid

122
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the chromatid is joined by a ___________

A

centromere

123
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the centromere is surrounded by a protein complex called

A

kineochore

124
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of cytoskeleton

A

strength and support

125
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of microvilli

A

increase surface are to facilitate absorption

126
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of centrioles

A

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division

127
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of cilia

A

movement of material over cell surface

128
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of flagella

A

propel cell

129
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

130
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of endoplastmic reticulum

A

synthesis of secretory products

intracellular storage and transport

131
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of golgi apparatus

A

storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

132
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of lysosomes

A

intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

133
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of peroxisomes

A

catabolism of fats and other organic compounds

134
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of mitochondria

A

produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

135
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the production of RNA from DNA

A

transcription

136
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the formation of a linear chain of amino acids by using the info that is contained on mRNA strand

A

translation

137
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does translation occur

A

ribosome

138
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many stages to mitosis

A

4

139
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

140
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what occurs in prophase

A

chromosomes form

141
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what occurs in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

142
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what occurs in anaphase

A

chromosomes separate

143
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what occurs in telophase

A

cell membrane forms cleavage furrow

144
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is when the cells divide

A

cytokinesis

145
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the resting phase of mitosis called

A

interphase

146
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what stage is DNA synthesized

A

S

147
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

order of cell division

A
G0
G1
S
G2
M (mitosis)
148
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cells combining to have same functions form

A

tissue

149
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ study of tissue

A

histology

150
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 types of tissue found in human organism

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

151
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epithelial tissue is classified by

A

shape and number of layers

152
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

shapes of epithelial tissues

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

153
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

types of number of layers in epithelial tissues

A

simple (1 layer)

stratified (more than 1)

154
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means secretions (hormones) released into interstitial fluid and blood

A

endocrine

155
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ means the secretions are released inot the skin or other epithelial surfaces

A

exocrine

156
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glandular secretions include

A

holocrine
apocrine
merocrine

157
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

holocrine means

A

whole cells

158
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

apocrine means

A

top/apex of cells

159
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

merocrine means

A

exocytosis

160
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

connective tissue includes

A

bone
fat
blood

161
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 types of fibers

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

162
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ secrete collagen

A

fibroblasts

163
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the fat tissue

A

adipose

164
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ store fat

A

adipocytes

165
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

reticular tissue is found where

A

spleen and liver

166
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

dense connective tissue is fibrous tissue that contains dense amounts of

A

collagen fibers

167
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

dense connective tissues form ___________ and ___________ of the skeletal system

A

tendons

ligaments

168
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fluid connective tissue includes

A

blood

lymph

169
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the formed elements of the blood include

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

170
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

RBC are called

A

erythrocytes

171
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

WBC are called

A

leukocytes

172
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

platelets are sometimes called

A

thrombocytes

173
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

RBC account for ___________ % of the volume of blood

A

50%

174
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is function of RBC

A

transport oxygen

175
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the watery matrix of the blood

A

plasma

176
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

WBC function

A

immune (defense)

177
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Platelets are responsible for

A

blood clotting

178
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a matrix of a firm gel that is made up of polysaccharides, chondroitin sulfate

A

cartilage

179
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cartilage is ___________ (blood supply…)

A

avascular

180
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

181
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is made up of a mixture of calcium phosophate, calcium carbonate, and collagen

A

bone

182
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cartilage cells are called

A

chondrocytes

183
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chondrocytes are found in

A

lacunae

184
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone cells are called

A

osteocytes

185
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

osteocytes are found in the

A

lacunae

186
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are long passageways in the matrix of bone

A

canaliculi

187
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone surface is surrounded by

A

periosteum

188
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

membranes include

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

189
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

190
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skeletal muscle attaches

A

bone to bone

191
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skeletal muscle causes

A

movement

192
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skeletal muscles are ___________ movement

A

voluntary

193
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle is only found in

A

heart

194
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscles can’t

A

divide

195
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

why can’t cardiac muscle cells not divide

A

lack satellite cells needed for regeneration

196
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle is regulated by

A

pacemaker cells

197
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle is ___________ movement

A

involuntary

198
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

smooth muscle is found in the walls of

A

blood vessels
around hollow organs
in layers of the respiratory tract

199
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

smooth muscles are nucleated but are ___________ control

A

involuntary

200
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neural tissue is specialized to conduct

A

electrical impulses

201
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are the longest cells in the body

A

neurons

202
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is 1st phase when tissue has been damaged

A

inflammation

203
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

signs of inflammation

A

swelling
redness
warmth
pain

204
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the two cutaneous layers

A

epidermis

dermis

205
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

subcutaneous layer also called

A

hypodermis

206
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

layer is called (skin)

A

strata

207
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epidermis has up to ___________ strata

A

5

208
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

order of strata from superficial to deep

A
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
germinativum (basale)
209
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

strata lucidum is only found in

A

thick skin (palms/soles)

210
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skin cells are called

A

keratinocytes

211
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

keratinocytes produce

A

keratin

212
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

keratin is also found in

A

hair and nails

213
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood flow to skin give it a ___________ color

A

reddish

214
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lack of blood flow to skin gives it a ___________ color

A

blueish

215
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

amount of ___________ skin orange color

A

carotene

216
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ would make skin yellow/jaundice

A

liver bilirubin

217
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

brown/black skin comes from

A

melanin

218
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

melanin is secreted by

A

melanocytes

219
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of skin

A

prevents entry microorganisms
acts as permeability barrier
provides protection against abrasion and UV light

220
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does Vit D enter body

A

UV rays on skin

221
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit D travels from skin to

A

kidneys

222
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in the kidneys Vit D is covnerted to

A

calcitrol

223
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is calcitrol needed for

A

normal absorption of calcium in the intestine

224
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is sign for calcium

A

Ca2+

225
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skin contains receptors for

A

pain
touch
temperature (hot/cold)
pressure

226
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skin receptors allow for

A

proper response to environment

227
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

skin glands eliminate small amounts of

A

waste

228
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

are skin glands important in excretion

A

no

229
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of sweating

A

cools you off

230
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lines on hands are formed how

A

pattern of collagen and elastic fiber bundles

231
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ stabilizes the skin’s position against underlyinjg organs and tissues

A

hypodermis

232
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is fat stored in skin

A

hypodermis

233
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glands include

A

sebaceous
sweat
mammary
ceruminous

234
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are sebaceous glands

A

hair follicles

235
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sweat glands include

A

apocrine and merocrine

236
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does cerumious glands produce

A

ear wax

237
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

“goose bumps” are caused by the ___________ muscle

A

arrector pili

238
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone categories include

A
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
sutural (Wormian)
239
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

structure of long bone includes

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

240
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neck of bone

A

metaphysis

241
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

shaft of bone

A

diaphysis

242
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

head of bone

A

epiphysis

243
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

elongation of bone occurs where

A

epiphyseal plate

244
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where two bones articulate ___________ is found

A

articular cartilage

245
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the medullary cavity is found where

A

bone shaft

246
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is located in medullary cavity

A

marrow

247
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what surrounds the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

248
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

yellow marrow =

A

lipid storage

249
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

red marrow =

A

blood cell production

250
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

outside of the bone has a thin tissue layer called

A

peristeum

251
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2 types of bone

A

compact (dense)

spongy

252
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

spongy bone containes

A

trabeculae

253
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone matrix consists of

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

254
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hydroxyapatite crystals from from ___________ interacting with ___________

A

calcium phosophate

calcium hydroxide

255
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

256
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

osteocytes occupy a

A

lacuna

257
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are formed from lacuna sandiched between the lamellae

A

osteon

258
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are little canals connecting the lacunae

A

canaliculi

259
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ make the bone

A

osteoblasts

260
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ secrete acid to break the bone down

A

osteoclasts

261
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone formation

A

ossification

262
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2 types of ossification occurs

A

intramembranous

endochondral

263
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

intramembranous bone growth occurs from

A

fibrous tissue

264
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

endochondral bone growth occurs from

A

cartilage

265
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hormone ___________ is released from the thyroid to cause osteoblasts to make bone

A

calcitonin

266
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hormone ___________ is released from the parathyroids causing the osetoclasts to break bone

A

PTH

parathyroid hormone

267
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which hormone lowers blood calcium

A

calcitonin

268
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which hormone increases blood calcium

A

PTH

269
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which hormone inhibits osetoclasts

A

calcitonin

270
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which hormone inhibits osteoblasts

A

PTH

271
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when a bone is fractured part of the healing process is the formation of

A

callus

272
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone projection or bump

A

process

273
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone extention of bone making an angle

A

ramus

274
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone large, round projection

A

trochanter

275
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone smaller, rough projection

A

tuberosity

276
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone a small rounded projection

A

tubercle

277
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone prominent ridge

A

crest

278
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone a low ridge

A

line

279
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bone pointed process

A

spine

280
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

axial skeleton consists of

A

skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

281
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many bones in skull

A

28

282
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

6 auditory ossicles

A

2 each:
malleus
incus
stapes

283
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are auditory occicles located

A

inside temporal bone

284
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what protects the brain

A

cranial vault aka braincase

285
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bones that cranial vault includes

A
parietal(2)
frontal
temporal(2)
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
286
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many facial bones

A

14

287
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of facial bones

A

protect sensory organs

muscle attachment sites

288
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

facial bones

A
maxilla 2
mandible
zygomatic 2
palatine 2
nasal 2
lacrimal 2
vomer
inferior nasal concha 2
289
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the mandible and maxilla possess ___________ with sockets for the attachment of the teeth

A

alveolar processes

290
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is attachment site for throat and tongue muscles

A

hyoid bone

291
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is hyoid bone located

A

“floats” in the neck

292
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sutures of the skull

A

lambdoidal
squamous
sagittal
coronal

293
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

paranasal sinuses include

A

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary

294
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of crista galli

A

ethmoid

295
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of sella turcica

A

sphenoid

296
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of occipital condyle

A

occipital

297
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of cribriform

A

ethmoid

298
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of foramen magnum

A

occipital

299
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is located where medulla oblongata meets spinal chord to vertebral column

A

foramen magnum

300
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sections of vertebral column

A
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
301
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

302
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

303
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

304
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many sacral vertebrae

A

1

305
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

C1 is called

A

atlas

306
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

C2 is called

A

axis

307
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

atlas pivots on the ___________ of axis

A

dens

308
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the thoracic cage consists of

A

ribs
costal cartilages
sternum

309
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sternum is made up of

A

manubrium
body
xyphoid process

310
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rib cage has ___________ true pairs of ribs

A

7

311
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rib cage has ___________ false ribs

A

5

312
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many pairs of false ribs are floating

A

2

313
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

appendicular skeleton consists of

A

upper and lower limbs

pectoral and pelvic girdle

314
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pectoral girdle consists of

A

scapula

clavicles

315
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

scapula consists of

A

coracoid process
acromion
spine

316
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the arm bones include

A

humerus
radius
ulna

317
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many carpal bones

A

8

318
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are carpal bones (2 rows)

A

triquetrm, pisiform, capitate, hamate

lunate, scaphoid, trapezoid, trapzium

319
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

a ___________ stretches across the wrist from the tubercle of the trapezium to the hook of the hamate

A

ligament

320
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the distal row of carps bones articulate with the ___________

A

metacarpals

321
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ are the digital bones

A

phalanges

322
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thumb

A

pollex

323
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bones of the pelvic girdle

A

coxa
sacrum
coccyx

324
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the coca include

A

fusion of ilium
ischim
pubis

325
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thigh contains

A

femur

326
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

leg contains

A

tibia

fibula

327
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

kneecap

A

patella

328
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

foot contains ___________ bones

A

7 tarsal

329
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tarsal bones

A
talus
calcaneus
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
navicular
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
330
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

big toe

A

hallux

331
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when standing most weight is transferred to ___________ in the foot

A

calcaneus

332
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when at rest the weight in foot is transferred to

A

metatarsals

333
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

joints are classified according to the

A

major connective tissue type that binds the bones together

and whether or not there is fluid-filled joint capsule

334
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

joint classifications

A

diathrotic
amphiarthrotic
synarthrotic

335
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

diathrotic joint/example

A

freely moveable

synovial

336
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

amphiarthrotic joint/example

A

partly moveable

pubic symphysis

337
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

joints can also be classified by

A

function

338
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fibrous joints include

A

sutures-synostosis
syndesmosis
gomphosis

339
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cartilaginous joints include

A

synchondrosis

symphysis

340
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

synovial joints include

A

monaxial
biaxial
multaxial

341
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

synovial joints include these functions

A
plane(gliding)
saddle
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
ellipsoidal
342
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

example saddle joint

A

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

343
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

example hinge joint

A

elbow, knee

344
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

example pivot joint

A

neck

345
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

example ball and socket joint

A

hip

346
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

joints may contain ___________, ___________ , ___________ , and ___________

A

joint capsule
synovial membrane
articular disks & cartilage
bursae

347
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

synovial membrane contains

A

synovial fluide

348
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bursae are

A

sacs for additional cushioning

349
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

movement pairs (8)

A
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
rotation
pronation/supination
circumduction
elevation/depression
protraction/retraction
inversion/eversion
350
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ligaments are generally named for

A

location

351
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

articular cartilage is often at the end of the

A

bone

352
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are ligaments of knee

A

ACL anterior cruciate ligament
MCL medial collateral ligament
PCL posterior cruciate ligament

353
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle tissue has 3 layers connective tissue

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

354
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epimysium surrounds

A

the muscle

355
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

perimysium surrounds

A

fascicles

356
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

endomysium surrounds

A

fibers

357
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end of muscle fiber comes together to form

A

tendon

358
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for tendon

A

aponeurosis

359
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle cells are

A

mulitnucleated

360
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle cells contain

A

sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sacromere

361
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle cell membrane is

A

sarcolemma

362
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are bundles of myofilaments

A

myofibrils

363
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

actin is

A

thin

364
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

myosin is

A

thick

365
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are units of myofilaments

A

sarcomere

366
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

actin includes

A

F-actin
G-actin
tropomyosin

367
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

myosin includes

A

head

tail

368
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction starts with an impulse sent from the

A

motor cortex

369
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction impulse leaves the motor cortex via the

A

corticospinal tract

370
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction impulse continues to the peripheral nerve and then to the

A

neuromuscular junction

371
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction: ___________ is released into the synaptic cleft (gap)

A

Ach

Acetylocholine

372
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the muscle contraction continues to travel down the T (transverse) tubules and causes the SR to release

A

calcium

373
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction - myosin head ratchets the thin filaments, causing the sliding of the

A

thin filaments (actin)

374
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction: calcium binds to ___________ on the actin filament causing it to change shape and expose active biding site

A

troponin

375
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ binds to the binding site

A

myosin head

376
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ attaches to the myosin head, the head detaches, and goes to the next binding site

A

ATP

377
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contraction concept

A

all or nothing

378
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muslce fiber contraction = on = means produces same amount of ___________ each time

A

tension

379
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a single contraction relaxation stimulus in a muscle fiber

A

twitch

380
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is sustained stimulation to a muscle with no relaxation period involved

A

tetanus

381
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is when muscle contraction tension rises in steps

A

treppe

382
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contractions isotonically

A

change in muscle length

383
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle contractions isometrically

A

no change in length

384
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ can result from depletion of ATP reserves and the combined build up of lactic acid in the muscle tissues

A

muscle fatigue

385
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the amount of oxygen consumed post exercise, and the amount needed to restore pre-exertion conditions in the muscle tissue

A

oxygen debt

386
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

large amounts of ___________ is produced by muscular activity

A

heat

387
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the heat from muscle activity is generated by the ___________ process of the breakdown of ___________

A

catabolic

gluose for ATP

388
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fast twitch muscles are what color

A

white

389
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fast twitch muscles are found where

A

eyes

hands

390
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

slow twitch muscles are found where

A

calf

back

391
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle tissue is ___________ , which s nucleated

A

involuntary striated muscle

392
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle cells contain cell-to-cell junctions called

A

intercalated discs

393
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what do intercalated discs create

A

electrical connection between cardiac cells

394
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

smooth muscle is different from skeletal and cardiac fibers in that it is

A

non-striated

395
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

smooth muscle is involved with

A

peristalsis = moving food down intestinal tract

396
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is basic muscle concept

A

muscle contracts - a force acts on bones/tissue to create motion

397
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fixed end of the muscle is called

A

origin

398
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

moveable end of muscle is called

A

insertion

399
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

body of muscle between origin and insertion is called

A

belly

400
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

401
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sheet-like flat tendon is called

A

aponeurosis

402
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

aponeurosis is located where

A

muscles attach to large flat regions of the body

403
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

main/prime mover muscle

A

agonist

404
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

agonist muscle is supported by

A

synergists

405
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

agonist muscle is opposed by

A

antagonists

406
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscles are named according to

A
size
shape
direction
location
number of heads
action/function
407
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle size words

A
maximus
minimus
brevis
major
minor
408
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle shape words

A
triangular
trapezoid
saw-toothed
rhomboid
circular-orbicularis
409
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 basic muscle shapes

A

pennate
parallel
convergent
circular

410
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ classes of levers

A

3

411
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

first class lever

A

R-F-AF

412
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2nd class lever

A

F-R-AF

413
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3rd class lever

A

F-AF-R

414
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

415
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ separate the neurons

A

glial cells

416
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for glial cells

A

neuroglia

417
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of glial cells (4)

A

separate neurons
protect neurons
provide framework of support for neural tissue
act as phagocytes

418
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nervous system has ___________ divisions

A

2

419
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the 2 divisions of nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

420
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CNS includes

A

brain and spinal cord

421
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

PNS includes

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

422
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ANS includes

A

all the nervous tissue that is outside the CNS

423
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the PNS is divided into the

A

afferent division

efferent division

424
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ division brings info from the body to the CNS

A

afferent

425
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ division carries info from the CNS to the periphery or the body

A

efferent

426
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the efferent division consists of

A

somatic division

autonomic division

427
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

somatic division controls

A

skeletal muscle tissue

428
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

autonomic division controls

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glandular tissues

429
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cell body of neuron

A

perikaryon

430
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the perikaryon of the neuron contains ___________ and ___________

A

nucleus

organelles

431
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the organelles of the perikaryon of the neuron do what

A

provide energy

synthesize the neurotransmitters

432
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

perikaryon’s neurotransmitters are required for

A

cell-to-cell communication in the NS

433
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are regions of the neuron that contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

A

Nissl bodies

434
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most neurons lack ___________ and therefore can’t divide

A

centrioles

435
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

other parts of neuron (3)

A

dendrites
axons
axon hillock

436
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does dendrites contain

A

dendritic spines

437
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ may be found on the axons that branch off

A

collaterals

438
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

collaterals allow one neuron to ___________ with surrounding neurons

A

communicate

439
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end of the axon is composed of

A

teledendria

440
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a site where neural communication occurs

A

synapse

441
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

synapse involves

A

neurotransmitters

442
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ will release neurotransmitter substance to direct the response of the post synaptic cell

A

presynaptic neuron

443
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the post synaptic cell can be

A

neuron or any other type of cell like muscle or glandular

444
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is found when the postsynaptic cell is a neuron

A

synaptic knob

445
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

each synaptic knob contains

A

organelles

vesicles

446
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the organelles and vesicles of synaptic knob contain

A

neurotransmitter substances

447
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of the synaptic knob

A

reabsorb the neurotransmitter left over form the interaction between neurons

448
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neuron structural classifications (4)

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

449
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neuron functional classifications (3)

A

sensory
motor
interneuron

450
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glia in CNS include (4)

A

ependymal
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

451
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ monitor the CSF

A

ependymal

452
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ form BBB, are the largest and most abundant glia, ion regulation

A

astrocytes

453
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ make myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

454
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are phagocytes

A

microglia

455
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are contained in the PNS

A

satellite cells

Schwann cells

456
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

satellite cells (amphicytes) function

A

regulation

457
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Schwann cells (neurolemma) function

A

make myelin

458
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

resting membrane potential has a ___________ charge

A

-70mv

459
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ occurs of the cell membrane when increased sodium ion enters the cell making more positive and closer to 0mv

A

depolarization

460
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when cell membrane depolarization occurs, an ___________ will be generated

A

action potential

461
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

during depolarization sodium channels are ___________ and the activation of ___________ channels occurs

A

deactivated

K+

462
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ occurs when the cell becomes more negative by K+ ions flowing in

A

hyperpolarization

463
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the Na+/K+ pump uses ___________ to return ions to their respective gradients

A

active transport

464
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the time between the action potential and the return to membrane resting potential, an action potential cannot be reinitiated during this time

A

refractory period

465
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

membrane resting potential has K+ ion concentration higher

A

intracellularly

466
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

membrane resting potential has Na+ ion concentration higher

A

extracellularly

467
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if a stimulus brings the cell membrane to threshold an action potential will be generated where

A

along whole membrane

468
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

two types of action potential propagation

A

continuous propagation

salutatory propagation

469
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ propagation is action potential moving along an unmyelinated axons

A

continuous

470
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ propagation is leaping of action potential from node to node on myelinated axon

A

salutatory

471
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nodes on axon on unmyelinated axons

A

Ranvier

472
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neurotransmitters include (7)

A
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine
seratonin
Gamma aminobutyric acid
nitric oxide
carbon monoxide
473
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

acetylcholine associated with

A

neuromuscular junctions

474
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

norepinephrine assoc with

A

brain, ANS

475
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

dopamine assoc with

A

CNS

476
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

serotonin assoc with

A

CNS

477
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Gamma aminobutyric acid assoc with

A

GABA-inhibitory CNS

478
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

nitric oxide assoc with

A

smooth muscle

blood vessels in the PNS

479
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

carbon monoxied assoc with (neurotransmitter)

A

synaptic knobs in the brain

480
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

meuromodulators include opioids classfified as

A

endorphins

enkephalons

481
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the combination of two or more EPSPs to generate an action potential

A

summation

482
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in presynaptic inhibition, ___________ released at the axon-to-axon synapse will inhibit the opening of the ___________ channels

A

GABA

calcium

483
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the spread of info from one neuron to several neurons, or from one pool to several pools

A

divergence

484
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is when several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron

A

convergence

485
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the the PNS cell bodies are called

A

ganglia

486
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in the PNS axons are bundled together to form

A

nerves

487
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the nerves in the PNS are connected to

A

spinal cord

brain

488
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

name of nerves connected to brain

A

cranial nerves

489
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in the CNS a collection of neurons or cell bodies with a common function are called

A

centers

490
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

a nucleus is a center with a

A

anatomicl boundary

491
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CNS white matter contains bundles of

A

axons

492
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CNS white matter axons have common origins or destinations called

A

tracts

493
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tracts in the spinal cord form large groups called

A

columns

494
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body are called

A

pathways

495
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the spinal nerve is a mixture of

A

sensory and motor fibers

496
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

there are ___________ pairs of spinal nerves coming off the spinal cord

A

31

497
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the gray matter of cord is greatest in sensory and motor in segments that deal with the

A

limbs

498
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

expanded areas of spinal cord are found

A

cervical and lumbar regions

499
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end of spinal cord is shaped

A

tapered and conical

500
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end of spinal cord is called

A

filum terminale

501
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

each spinal cord segment has a ___________ associated with it

A

dorsal root ganglia

502
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the cell body of the sensory neurons

A

dorsal root

503
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

dorsal root carries info into the

A

spinal cord

504
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the motor neurons or output of the spinal cord

A

ventral root

505
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the spinal nerve is a mixture of

A

sensory and motor fibers

506
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain

A

meninges

507
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

508
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

dura mater is

A

outer layer meninges

509
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

arachnoid mater contains

A

spinal CSF

middle layer

510
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pia mater is

A

inner most layer

511
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pia mater means

A

tender mother

512
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epidural space is located between

A

dura mater and

wall of the vertebral canal

513
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epidural space contains

A

loose connective tissue
blood vessels
adipose tissue

514
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

posterior gray horns contain

A

sensory nuclei

515
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

anterior gray horns contain

A

motor nuclei

516
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the white matter on each side of the spinal cord contains

A

myelinated axons

517
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the spinal cord white matter is organized into 3 regions

A

anterior
posterior
lateral

518
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

around each nerve is a series of connective tissue layers

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

519
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ of the spinal nerve supplies sensory and motor function to the skin and muscles of the back

A

dorsal ramus

520
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ supplies the ventrolateral surface of the body and the structures in the body wall and lids (nerves)

A

ventral ramus

521
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ us specific region of the skin that is monitored by a single paid of spinal nerves

A

dermatome

522
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 major nerve plexi of the NS

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

523
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the phrenic nerve contains

A

cervical plexi

524
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the femoral nerve contained

A

lumbar plexi

525
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the sciatic nerve contained

A

sacral plexi

526
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

path of reflexes travel from stimulus to spine via

A

afferent nerve

527
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

reflexes leaves spine on

A

efferent nerve

528
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

reflexes include

A

monosynaptic

polysnyaptic

529
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

monosynaptic reflex example

A

stretch

postural

530
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

polysynaptic reflex example

A

tendon
withdrawal
crossed extensor

531
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is babinski reflex

A

big toe doral felx - other toes fan out - only seen in infants

532
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

largest region of brain

A

cerebrum

533
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cerebrum is separated in paired

A

left/right hemisphere

534
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what separates cerebrum hemipsheres

A

longitudinal fissure

535
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what connects the cerebrum hemipsheres

A

corpus collusum

536
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the cerebrum superhighway

A

corpus collusum

537
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the corpus collusum made of

A

thick band of white matter

538
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what covers the cerebrum hemispheres

A

cortex

539
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cerebrum cortex has

A

ridges and depressions

540
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

name of cerebrum cortex ridges

A

gyri

541
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

name of cerebrum cortex depressions

A

sulci

542
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 types of fibers (cranial- cerebrum)

A

association
commisural
projection
arcuate

543
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

association fibers function

A

connect within same hemisphere

544
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

commissural fiber function

A

connect between cerebral atmospheres

545
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

projection fibers function

A

pass from cortex to spinal cord

546
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

arcuate fibers function

A

communicate with individual gyri

547
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cranial lobes

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

548
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of frontal lobe

A

executive function/planning

motor functioning

549
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

parietal lobe contains

A

primary sensory cortex

550
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

name of parietal lobe primary sensory cortex

A

somatosensory

551
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

temporal lobe contains

A

primary auditory cortex

552
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

occipital lobe contains

A

primary visual cortex

553
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what separates the motor cortex from the sensory cortex

A

central sulcus

554
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the motor cortex

A

pre-central gyrus - frontal lobe

555
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the sensory cortex

A

post-central gyrus - parietal lobe

556
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2 area of speech are both in the ___________ hemisphere

A

left

557
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are 2 areas dealing with speech

A

Wernicke’s area

Broca’s area

558
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe

559
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension/speech

560
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe

561
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions

A

prefrontal cortex

562
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is responsible for language-based skills like reading, writing, speaking, analytical skills and math problems

A

left hemisphere

563
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment.

A

right hemisphere

564
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

565
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of thalamus

A

relay center

566
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of hypothalamus

A

many incl
temp control
hunger, thirst, and endocrine

567
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

limbic system includes

A

amygdala

hippocampus

568
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of limbic system

A

emotional states

short term memory

569
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 ___________ in different regions of the brain

A

chambers/ventricles

570
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what circulates in the ventricles in brain

A

CSF

571
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of CSF

A

cushion neural tissue
support the brain
transport nutrients, waste products, and chemical messengers

572
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CSF is formed by network of ___________ cells

A

ependymal

573
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

name of the network of ependymal cells that form CSF

A

choroids plexus

574
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

throughout the brain are ___________ which consist of generally gray areas taht do not contain myeline but contain cell bodies and/or unmyelinated axons

A

nuclei (basal nuclei)

575
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

2nd largest structure in the brain

A

cerebellum

576
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cerebellum has paired

A

hemisphere

577
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what connects the cerebellum hemispheres

A

vermis

578
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when cerebellum is dissected you can see the

A

arbor vitae

579
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of cerebellum

A

control and coordinate movement

balance

580
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

brain stem consists of

A

mesencephalon

pons

581
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the mid-brain and functions include processing auditory and visual info

A

mesencephalon

582
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mesencephalon contains

A

substantia nigra

583
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

substantia nigra releases

A

dopamine

584
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pons connects the ___________ to the ___________

A

brain stem

cerebellum

585
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pons contains

A

somatic motor control nuclei
some respiratory functions
medulla oblongata

586
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

spinal cord connects to the brain is located at

A

medulla oblongata

587
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pons relays info via

A

decussation

588
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pons relays info from ___________ to the ___________

A

spinal cord

thalamus

589
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pons regulates

A
autonomic functions such as:
breathing
heart rate
digestion
blood pressure
590
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sites of autonomic function regulation are called:

A

centers

vasomotor center etc

591
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

brain development:

prosencephalon forms the

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

592
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

telecephalon becomes the

A

cerebrum

593
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

diencephalon becomes the

A

adult diencephalon

594
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mesencephalon forms the

A

adult mesencephalon

595
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rhombencephalno forms the

A

metencephalon

myelecephalon

596
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

metencephalon develops into the

A

cerebellum

pons

597
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

myelecephalon becomes the

A

medulla

598
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ is fused to the inner skull

A

dura mater

599
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

there is no ___________ in the skull/brain

A

epidural space

600
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ is attached to the surface of the brain

A

pia mater

601
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what connects the pia mater to the brain

A

astrocytes

602
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation

A

blood brain barrier (BBB)

603
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the BBB’s ___________ lining consists of tight junctions and is selective permeability

A

endothelial

604
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

only ___________ like oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are allowed to pass the BBB

A

lipid soluble

605
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what controls the permeability of the BBB membrane

A

astrocytes

606
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Cranial Nerve I

A

olfactory nerve

607
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

olfactory never

A

cn I - smell

608
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CN II

A

optic nerve

609
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

optic nerve

A

CN II - sight

610
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CN III

A

occulomotor nerve

611
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

occulomotor nerve

A

cn III - eye movement

612
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve

613
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

trochlear nerve

A

cn IV - motor to the superior oblique (eye)

614
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CN V

A

trigeminal nerve

615
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

trigeminal nerve

A

cn V - sensory and motor to face and mastication

616
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ responses would include increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, mental alertness, metabolic rate, deactivation of digestive and urinary tract functions, activation of energy reserves, activation of sweat glands

A

sympathetic

617
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sympathetic fibers also innervate the ___________

A

adrenal glands

618
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

adrenal glands are located

A

on top kidneys

619
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

adrenal glands secrete

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

620
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

adrenal gland contains the

A

second order neuron

621
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ responses would include decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, metabolic rate, salivary and gastrointestinal gland secretion, increase digestive activity, increased urination and defecation

A

parasympathetic

622
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neurotransmitter involved with parasympathetic is

A

ACh

acetylocholine

623
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the special senses include

A

olfaction
ision
gustation
hearing

624
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is gustation

A

taste

625
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

general senses include

A

pain
temperature
chemical
mechanical distortion

626
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pain sense receptors

A

nociceptors

627
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

temperature sense receptors

A

thermoreceptors

628
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chemical sense receptors

A

chemoreceptors

629
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mechanical distortion sense receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

630
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mechanoreceptors include

A
tactile
tactile discs
Meissner's corpuscles
lamellate corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles
631
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what senses fine touch/pressure

A

Merkel’s discs

Meissn’er corpuscles

632
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what senses deep pressure

A

Pacinian

633
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what responds to change in blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

634
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ monitors positions of joints and muscles

A

proprioceptors

635
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Olfactory receptors are on the surface of

A

Nasal mucosa

636
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Olfactory receptors are on nasal cavity cilia. When particles pass over the cilia they are _______ and perceived as smell

A

Absorbed

637
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

The axons of the olfactory pathway travel thru the _______ of the _______ bone and reach the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum

A

Cribiform plate

Ethmoid bone

638
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

From the cerebrum, olfactory pathway travels to the olfactory cortex on the interior region of the ______

A

Temporal lobe

639
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Olfactory info is the only sensory info that may reach cortex w/o traveling thru

A

Thalamus

640
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Gustation receptors are found on the surface

A

Tongue

641
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Nerve VII

A

Anterior 2/3 tongue

Sweet, salty, and sour

642
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Nerve IX

A

Posterior 1/3 tongue

Bitter

643
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Nerve X

A

Surface of the epiglottis

Taste receptors

644
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Structures of the eye

A
Eyelids
Medial canthus
Lateral canthus
Eye lashes
Conjunctiva
645
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Tear ducts

A

Lacrimal glands

646
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Lacrimal glands are located

A

Medial canthus

647
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

What is conjunctiva

A

Outer surface of eye

648
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Eye layers are called

A

Tunics

649
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Eye tunics include

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Choroids
Neural

650
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Fibrous layers of eye

A

Outer
-sclera
Cornea

651
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vascular layers of eye

A

Middle

Iris, pupil, ciliary body

652
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

What attaches to iris

A

Ciliary body

653
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Eye vascular layer

A

Choroids

654
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Neural layer of eye

A

Inner

-retina

655
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Where are the photoreceptors located

A

Retina

656
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

______ is the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye

A

Photoreception

657
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Photoreception includes

A

Rods

Cones

658
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Rods detect

A

Light

659
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Cones detect

A

Color and light

660
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

More rods or cones in eye

A

Rods

661
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

What is responsible for color vision

A

Cones

662
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 types of cones

A

Blue
Green
Red

663
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lens of the eye is found behind

A

cornea

664
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of the lens

A

focus light on the photoreceptors

665
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

shape of lens

A

convex

666
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

clarity of vision

A

visual acuity

667
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

normal visual acuity

A

20/20

668
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

acuity below ___________ is legally blind

A

20/200

669
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

visual info is received by the photoreceptors passing to the

A

optic disc

670
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

visual info travels from optic disc down the ___________ to the ___________

A

optic nerve

optic chiasm

671
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

at the optic chiasm this occurs

A

half the fibers cross over (decussation) to the opposite side

672
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

decussation occurs 2 places

A

optic chiasm

medulla oblongata

673
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

once visual info is past the optic chiasm, the neurons travel down the ___________ to the ___________

A

optic tract

lateral geniculate bodies

674
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

from the geniculate bodies the visual info travels to the ___________ or ___________ to be processed

A

occipital

visual cortex

675
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ear has 2 functions

A

hearing

balance

676
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another word for balance

A

equilibrium

677
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ear is divided into

A

external
middle
inner
cochlea

678
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

external ear includes

A

pinna
canal
tympanic membrane

679
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ear lobe

A

pinna

680
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

middle ear includes

A

eustachian tube

auditory ossicles

681
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 middle ear auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

682
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

inner ear includes

A

labyrinth

vestibule

683
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ear labyrinth includes/function

A

semicircular canals

head rotation

684
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ear vestibule contains/function

A

otoliths

head tilting

685
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hearing is perceived when the vibrations of the inner ear bones stimulate the ___________ of the ___________

A

perilymph

cochlea

686
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized

A

tiny hair cells

687
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the tiny hair cells of the cochlea are located in a structure called

A

organ of corti

688
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hearing is perceived when sound waves arrive at the

A

tympanic membrane

689
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

movement of the tympanic membrane causes vibration of the

A

auditory ossicles

690
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the ___________

A

perilymph of the vestibular duct

691
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pressure waves distort the basilar membrane, vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the

A

tectoral membrane

692
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

auditory info regarding sound is relayed to the CNS via the ___________ branch of the Nerve ___________

A

cochlear branch

N VIII

693
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chemical messengers

A

hormones

694
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

endocrine system releases hormones in ___________ and transports via ___________

A

tissue

blood stream

695
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hormones have a specific target ___________

A

cell

696
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

exocring glands secrete via

A

ducts

697
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

endocrine glands do not secrete via

A

ducts

698
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

non-steroidal hormones bind to ___________ on the cell membrane

A

receptors

699
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

non-steroidal hormones activate messengers in the ___________ of the cell

A

cytoplasm

700
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

activation of messengers in the cytoplasm will cause a change in cell ___________ or ___________

A

metabolism

function

701
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hormone is ___________ messenger

A

first

702
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cytoplasm of cell is the ___________ messenger

A

second

703
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ hormones can pass directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

steroidal

704
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ can directly affect the function of genes in the nucleus of the cell

A

steroidal hormones

705
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 groups of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives

706
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

peptide hormones include

A

ADH

oxytocin

707
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what hormone is involved with inflammatory response

A

prostaglandins

708
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ regulates the secretion of hormones

A

hypothalamus

709
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in the ___________

A

pituitary gland

710
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ by directly secreting hormones into the

A

blood stream

711
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hypothalamus regulating hormones include

A

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

712
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

713
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pituitary gland rests in the ___________ of the ___________ bone

A

sella turcica

sphenoid

714
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalams by the

A

infundibulum

715
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the pituitary gland’s connectin to the circulatory system

A

portal system

716
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the portal system contains a ___________

A

network of blood vessels

717
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

portal system’s network of blood vessels allows the passage of ___________ directly into the blood stream

A

hormones

718
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

anterior pituitary called

A

adenophphysis

719
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

anterior pituitary contains

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

720
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

largest part of anterior pituitary

A

ars distalis

721
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

TSH impacts

A

thyrotropin

722
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ACTH does what

A

stimulates the release of steroids by the adrenal gland

723
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

FSH does what

A

stimulates follices in M/F sex cells
oocytes
spermatazoa

724
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

LH does what in females

A

stimulates ovulation

725
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

LH does what in males

A

stimulates testosterone

726
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

PRL does what

A

stimulates milk production

727
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

posterior pituitary gland is called (2 names)

A
neurohypophysis
pars nervosa (nervous tissue)
728
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

posterior pituitary gland produces

A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
729
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ADH does what

A

increases blood pressure and blood volume by reducing the amount of water released from kidneys

730
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

oxytocin does what

A

stimulates uterine contraction and lactation

731
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pineal gland is part of the

A

epithalamus

732
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

733
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

melatonin is produced from what

A

serotonin

734
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thyroid gland produces

A

thyroxin (t4)

tiiodothyronine (t3)

735
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

T4 and T3 are both involved with

A

metabolism

736
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

T4 and T3 produce

A

calcitonin

737
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

parathyroid gland is located where

A

posterior surface of thyroid

738
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

parathyroid gland secretes

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

739
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does PTH do

A

stimulates osteoclasts to break bone increasing Ca in the blood
stimulates calcitriol in the kidney

740
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heart secretes

A

atrial netiuretic peptide (ANP)

741
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when is ANP released

A

in response to high pressure by inhibiting renin and increasing sodium excretion

742
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thymus secrets

A

thymosin

743
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thymosin does what

A

increases maturation of T cells

744
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

kidneys secretes

A

calcitriol
erythropoietin
renin

745
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

calcitriol does what

A

increases absorption of Ca and P+ in the GI tract

746
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

erythropoietin does what

A

stimulates the RBC production

747
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

renin is secreted by ___________ cells

A

JG

748
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

angtiotensiongen creates

A

angiotensin I

749
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

angiotensin I creates

A

angiotensin II

750
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

renin causes

A

adrenal gland to release aldosterone

751
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does aldosterone cause

A

kidney to resorb Na+ and water (leads to increased BP and BV)

752
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cortex of the adrenal glands secretes

A

aldosterone
cortisol
sex hormones

753
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

medulla of the adrenal glands secretes

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

754
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

aldosterone causes

A

increase in BP and BV

755
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cortisol is the ___________ hormone

A

stress

756
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cortisol causes

A

increase glucose formation at liver

757
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what sex hormones are thought to be released from adrenal glands

A

androgens
estrogens
progestins

758
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ and ___________ when released cause an increase in sympathetic response

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

759
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

islets of Langerhans are located

A

pancreas

760
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

alpha cells from the islets of langerhans release

A

glucagons

761
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glucagons increase

A

blood sugar

762
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

beta cells from islets of langerhans release

A

insulin

763
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

insulin does what

A

decreases blood sugar

764
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

testerone is an

A

androgen

765
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what produces testerone in males

A

testes

766
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

testerone in men stimulates production of

A

sperm

767
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

secondary sex characteristics in men is determined by

A

testerone

768
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

estrogen is produced where

A

oocytes

769
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are oocytes located

A

ovaries in follicles

770
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

estrogen stimulates

A

follicle maturation
growth of uterus
secondary sex characteristics

771
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what releases progesterone in female

A

corpus luteum

772
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

progesterone prepares the ___________ for the arrival of ___________

A

uterus

developing embryo

773
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

progesterone causes

A

enlargement of mammary glands

accelerates movement of oocyte/embryo

774
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is fluid connective tissue

A

blood

775
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

matrix of blood is called

A

plasma

776
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ accounts for 43-63% of the volume of whole blood

A

plasma

777
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is 92% of plasma

A

water

778
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood contains formed elements

A

rbc
wbc
platelets

779
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

99% of formed elements in blood is

A

rbs

780
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

average adult contains ___________ of blood

A

5 liters

781
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

plasma contains the following dissolved proteins

A

albumens
globulins
fibrinogen

782
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fibrinogen is involved with

A

blood clotting

783
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

albuments involved with

A

osmotic pressure

784
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

globulins involved with

A

antibodies

785
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the production of blood cells

A

hemopoiesis or

hematopoiesis

786
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in adult only site for hemopoiesis is

A

bone marrow

787
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rbc are basically “bags” of

A

hemoglobin

788
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

one hemoglobin molecule can carry ___________ molecules of oxygen

A

4

789
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the percentage of whole blood in the occupied by cellular elements

A

hematocrit

790
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hematocrit value is due to the volume of

A

rbcs

791
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rbc is a ___________ disc

A

biconcave

792
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

shape of rbc allow it to

A

larger surface are to volume
form stacks that smooth the flow of blood
bend/flex when entering capillaries

793
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

circulation rbc can’t divide because they lack

A

nuclei

ribosomes

794
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lifespan of rbc is

A

120 days

795
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hemoglobin contains 4 ___________

A

heme groups

796
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

each heme group carries

A

one oxygen molecule

797
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does oxygen bind to in the heme group

A

iron molecule

798
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

at end of rbc lifespan the cell is ___________ and sent to the ___________

A

phagocytized

kidney

799
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

once phagocytized rbc reaches the kidneys it is released in the

A

urine

800
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is too much broken down rbcs in urine

A

hematuria

801
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the globulin portion of broken down rbc is disassembled into ___________ and are used by the body

A

amino acids

802
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

broken down heme groups are stripped of their ___________ and it is converted to ___________

A

iron molecules

biliverdin

803
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

biliverdin is converted to

A

bilirubin

804
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bilirubin binds with ___________ in the blood stream and is sent to the liver to be excreted in the ___________

A

albumin

bile

805
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

red bone marrow is called

A

myeloid tissue

806
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

erythropoiesis is

A

rbc production

807
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

erythropoiesis occures in

A

myeloid tissue/red bone marrow

808
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

stage 1 of rbc production:

hemocytoblasts divide into

A

myeloid stem cells

809
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

stage 2 of rbc production:

white blood cells divide into

A

lympoid cells

810
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

final stage of rbc production forms what

A

reticulocyte

811
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is immature rbc

A

reticulcyte

812
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rbc are fully mature after

A

24 hours

813
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood cell production is stimulated by the hormone

A

erythropoietin

814
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is necessary to prevent anemia

A

b12

815
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

normal blood cell production is dependent on the presence of

A

certain amino acids and b vitamins

816
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type refers to cell membrane ___________

A

antigens

817
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

surface antigens on rbcs are called

A

agglutinogens

818
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 types of surface antigens

A

A
B
Rh or D

819
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type A =

A

surface antigen A

820
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type B =

A

surface antigen B

821
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type AB =

A

antigens A and B

822
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type O =

A

no antigens

823
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type positive =

A

Rh positive

824
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood type negative =

A

Rh negative

825
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wbc are different than rbc b/c they

A

lack hemoglobin

have ribosomes and nuclei

826
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wbc are the ___________ cells

A

immune

827
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of wbc

A

fight invading pathogens

remove toxins

828
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wbc divided into 2 groups

A

granular leukocytes

agranular leukocytes

829
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

microliter of blood contains ___________ wbc

A

6000-9000

830
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is most wbc stored

A

connective tissues of body

lymph organs

831
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 characteristics of wbcs

A

capable of amoeboid movement
can migrate out of the blood stream
attracted to specific chemical stimuli
some wbcs are capable of phagocytizing other cells

832
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

5 types of wbcs

A
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
833
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ account for 50-70% of the wbcs (most abundant)

A

neutrophils

834
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are the first wbc to arrive at site of injury

A

neutrophils

835
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neutrophils attack

A

bacteria

836
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

837
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are the macrophages of the immune system

A

monocytes

838
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

eosinophils attack

A

parasites

839
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

basophils are active in ___________

A

allergic reactions

840
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

basophils release

A

histamine

heparin

841
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

besides basophil what else releases histamine and heparin

A

mast cells

842
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wbc are produced from the ___________ in the bone marrow

A

stem cells

843
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ divide into lympoid stem cells and go on to become wbcs

A

hemocytoblasts

844
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wbc mature in

A

bone

thymus

845
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

846
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lifespan platelets

A

9-12 dyas

847
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

1/3 platelets are stored in

A

spleen

848
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of platelets

A

transporting chemicals needed for clotting
formation of temp patch on wall of damanged blood vessels
active contraction after clot formation to shrink size of hole

849
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

platelet production

A

thrombocytopoiesis

850
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

platelet production occurs

A

bone marrow

851
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

plateletes form from

A

megakaryocytes

852
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

process of stopping bleeding in damaged tissues of the body

A

hemostasis

853
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 phases of hemostasis

A

vascular
platelet
coagulation

854
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

damage wall of blood vessel will spasm to decrease diameter of vessel

A

vascular phase

855
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

platelets attach to endothelial surface and attract more platelets

A

platelet phase

856
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

clotting occurs in this phase

A

coagulation

857
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most of the clotting factors are produced where

A

liver

858
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

plasma contains several anticoagulants (or anticlotting factors) used for feedback to control abnormal clotting

A

antithrombin
heparin
thrombomodulin

859
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

antithrombin III inhibits

A

thromin

860
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heparin activates ___________ and prevents clotting

A

antithrombin III

861
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thrombomodulin binds with thrombin to form ___________

A

protein C

862
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

protein C stimulates the production of

A

plasmin

863
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

plasmin breaks down the ___________ of the ___________

A

fibrin strands

clot

864
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what 2 substances are involved with all clotting

A

calcium

Vit K

865
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit K must be present for the liver to produce

A

prothrombin

866
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where can Vit K be found

A

green veggies
grain
organ meats

867
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

half the daily requirements for Vit K is produced in

A

large intestine

868
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is an abnormal drifting blood clot

A

embolus

869
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is an anticoagulant drug that blocks the clotting factors by blocking the action of vit k

A

coumadin aka Warfarin

870
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ activated antithrombin

A

heparin

871
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ inactivates platelet enzymes, and will reduce the sensitivity of the clotting process

A

aspirin

872
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is hereditary disorder characterized by inadequeat production of clotting factors

A

hemophilia

873
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

adult heart is the size of

A

closed fist

874
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

rounded point of the cone (heart) is called

A

apex

875
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

large flat portion of cone (heart) is called

A

base

876
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heart is located in the

A

thoracic cavity

877
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

in the thoracic cavity the heart is between the ___________ in a midline partition called ___________

A

lungs

mediastinum

878
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chambers of the heart include

A

2 atria

2 ventricles

879
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what separates the chambers of the heart

A

septums

880
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what are the septums in the heart

A

interatrial

interventricle

881
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heart is surrounded by a double-layered closed sac called the

A

pericardium

882
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heart wall is comprised of

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

883
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the role/place of epicardium

A

out

prevents friction

884
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the place/role of myocardium

A

middle

muscle layer

885
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the place/role of endocardium

A

inner

reduces friction from blood passing through the heart

886
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the myocardium is particularly large on the

A

left ventricle

887
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood coming into the heart is ___________ in oxygen

A

low

888
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

low oxygen blood enters the ___________

A

vena cava

superior, inferior

889
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood moves from the vena cava to the ___________

A

right atrium

890
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood moves from the right atrium to the

A

right ventricle

891
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood goes from the right ventricle to the

A

pulmonary trunk

892
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood goes from the pulmonary trunk to the

A

pulmonary arteries (to lungs)

893
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood going to the heart gets oxygen added where

A

pulmonary arteries/lungs

894
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood leaves the lungs by (heart circulation)

A

pulmonary veins

895
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood leaves the pulmonary veins to the

A

left atrium

896
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood leaves the left atrium to the

A

left ventricle

897
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood leaves the left ventricle to the

A

aorta

898
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood supply to heart

starts at base of ascending aorta and goes to

A

coronary arteries

899
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood supply leaves coronary arteries and goes to

A

heart muscle

900
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood supply leaves heart muscle and goes to

A

cardiac veins

901
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood supply leaves cardiac veins and goes to

A

coronary sinus

902
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood supply leaves coronary sinus and goes to

A

right atrium

903
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ are located between the atria and ventricles

A

atrialventricular valves (AV valves)

904
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Av valves include

A

bicuspid valve

tricuspid valve

905
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bicuspid valve is located which side of heart

A

left

906
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tricuspid valve is located which side of heart

A

right

907
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ attaches between the valves and the papillary muscles (heart)

A

chordae tendonae

908
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ secures the valves in the heart

A

papillary muscles

909
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ separates the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

semilunar valves

910
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

valve associated with aorta

A

aortic valve

911
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

valve associated with pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve

912
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the location of the former foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

913
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is location where mother’s oxygenated blood bypasses baby’s lungs and goes into the left ventricle

A

foramen ovale

914
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when does foramen ovale close

A

baby’s first breath

915
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscles are joined by

A

intercalated discs

916
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

intercalated discs’s membranes have ___________ greatly increasing contact between adjacent cells

A

folds

917
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what holds cardiac cells together

A

desmosomes

918
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

area of low electrical resistance between cardiac cells

A

gap junctions

919
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gap junctions allow ___________ to move from one cell to the next

A

action potential

920
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ onset of contraction

A

slow

921
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ contraction time

A

prolonged

922
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac cell contraction is prolonged due to the length of time required for ___________ to move to and from the myofibrils

A

calcium

923
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

reason cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels

A

support aerobic respiration

924
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac muscles have a lot of

A

mitochondria

925
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

benefit of cardiac muscle having a lot of mitochondria

A

sustain high energy level (ATP production)

926
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how is oxygen supplied to cardiac muscle?

A

capillary network

927
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of the conducting system of the heart

A

relay electric action potentials thru the heart

928
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

conducting system of the heart consists of

A

two nodes and a conducting bundle

929
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

right atrium has 2 nodes

A

sinoatrial (SA)

atrioventricular (AV)

930
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the

A

interventricular septum

931
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what connects the AV node to the bundle branches

A

AV bundle

932
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for AV bundle

A

Bundle of His

933
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the bundle branches give rise to

A

Purkinje fibers

934
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

SA node initiates

A

action potentials

935
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

action potentials cause the atria to

A

contract

936
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

action potentials are slowed where

A

in the AV node

937
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

action potentials cause ventricles to contract where

A

purkinje fibers

938
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is when cardiac muscle cells touch together and they beat together

A

syncytium

939
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

external cells that help regulate heart

A

pacemaker cells

940
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what records electrical activities of the heart

A

ECG

941
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

942
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ : depolarization of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

943
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when does atrial systole occur

A

P wave

944
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when does ventricular systole and atria repolarization occur

A

QRS complex

945
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

946
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a contraction/constriction of ventricles or atria

A

systole

947
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is relaxation of ventricles or atria

A

diastole

948
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the beginning of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole

949
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ sound is produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves

A

lubb

950
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ sound is produced from closure of semilunar valves

A

dupp

951
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heart sound sequence

A

lubb dupp

952
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

CO=SV x HR

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heartbeats/minute

953
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is volume of blood entering aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

stroke volumne

954
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the total resistance against which blood must be pumped

A

peripheral resistance (PR)

955
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ systolic pressure

A

120 mm Hg

956
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ diastolic pressure

A

80 mm Hg

957
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ describes the relationship between preload and the stoke volume of the heart

A

Starling’s law of the heart

958
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched

A

preload

959
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

increased preload causes the cardiac muscle fibers to contract with a greater force and produce a ___________

A

greater stroke volume

960
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac center is in the

A

medulla oblongata

961
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart parasympathetically by stimulating the

A

vagus nerve

962
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vagus nerve is N ___________

A

X

963
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart sympathetically by the

A

cardiac accelerator nerve

964
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

during a sympathetic response ___________ and ___________ increase the heart rate and force heart contraction

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

965
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ and ___________ contain chemoreceptors that respond to O2 and CO2 amounts in heart

A

carotid bodies

aortic bodies

966
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ and ___________ have baroreceptors responding to pressure (heart)

A

carotid sinuses

aortic sinuses

967
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

largest artery

A

aorta

968
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

largest vein

A

vena cava

969
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

capillaries include

A

continuus

fenestrated

970
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ have no gaps between the endothelial cells; are less permeable to large molecules

A

continnus capillaries

971
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ consists of a porous diaphragm allowing cells to be very permeable to molecules

A

fenestrated capillaries

972
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are large diameter sinusoidal capillaries with a sparse basement membrane, large molecules and even cells pass through there

A

sinusoids

973
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sinusoids are common in the ___________ and the ___________

A

liver

bone marrow

974
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sinusoids are closely associated with with ___________ of the immune system

A

macrophages

975
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are even larger than sinusoidal type

A

venous sinuses

976
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

venous sinuses are found where

A

spleen

977
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ have large gaps between the endothelial cells

A

venous sinuses

978
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 layers of vessel tissue (from inside to out)

A
tunica intima (tunica interna)
tunica media
tunica adventitia (tunica externa)
979
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tunica media is

A

smooth muscle layer

980
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ have more muscle (vessels)

A

arteries

981
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are the larger diameter vessel type

A

veins

982
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which vessel type contains valves

A

veins

983
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ contain internal elastic layer and less muscle than the muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries

984
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

capillaries only consist of

A

tunica intima

985
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

increase of blood vessel diameter

A

vasodilate

986
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

decrease of blood vessel diameter

A

vasoconstrict

987
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

decrease in elastin production in aging leads to

A

ateriosclerosis

988
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is Circle of Willis located

A

brain

989
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries and hepatic veins are associated with

A

mesenterics

990
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what artery is watched for strokes

A

carotid artery

991
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what arteries are watched for heart attacks (mi)

A

coronary arteries

992
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ system is part of the defense system

A

lymphatic

993
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tonsils are made of

A

lymphoid tissue

994
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tonsils include

A

pharyngeal
sublingual
palatine

995
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pharyngeal tonsils are called

A

adenoids

996
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is thymus located

A

mediastinum

997
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

thymus begins to shrink when

A

puberty

998
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what matures in thymus

A

T cells

999
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

spleen is located

A

abdominal cavity - left superior posterior region

1000
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is associated with red blood cells in spleen

A

red pulp

1001
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

red pulp is

A

rbc graveyard

1002
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

white pulp (spleen) is assoc with

A

lymphocytes

1003
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

a ___________ exists between vessels and spleen

A

hilus

1004
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of spleen

A

detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood
destroy old rbcs
serve as blood reservoir

1005
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood entering the spleen passes through the ___________

A

white pulp

1006
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lymphocytes in white pulp activate in response to ___________ in the blood

A

microbes

1007
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

leaving the spleen blood goes through the ___________

A

red pulp

1008
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

as blood passes through red pulp ___________ can be activated to clean up the blood

A

macrophages

1009
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are large aggregations of lymph nodes

A

Peyer’s patches

1010
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are peyer’s patches found

A

distal 1/2 of the SI and appendix

1011
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are dense arrangements of lymph tissue organized into compact structures

A

lymph nodes

1012
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are lymph nodes found

A

all over the body

1013
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 superficial collection of lymph nodes include

A

inguinal nodes
axillary nodes
cervical nodes

1014
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does interstitial fluid come from for lymph nodes

A

lymph tissue

1015
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does lymph travel towards

A

subclavian vein (left or right)

1016
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ vessels go to lymph node

A

afferent

1017
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

eventually lymph reaches a

A

duct

1018
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lymph on right side of body(head, neck, limb) travels thru

A

right lymphatic duct

right subclavian vein

1019
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

left head neck limb lymph enter the

A

thoracic duct

1020
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a holding tank

A

cistern

1021
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ is at the base of the thoracic duct

A

cisterna chili

1022
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the cisterna chili has lymph vessels from

A

lower limbs and abdomen

1023
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the cisterna chili receives a large amount of lymph from where

A

digestive tract

1024
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pathogens cause

A

disease

1025
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tears prevent disease b/c they contain

A

salt
lysozyme
IgA

1026
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sweat prevents disease b/c it contains

A

ammonia

salt

1027
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

saliva prevents disease b/c it contains

A

lysozyme

IgA

1028
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Urine prevents disease b/c it contains

A

ammonia

1029
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ occurs in response to pathogen entering the body

A

inflammation

1030
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 signs of inflammation

A

pain
swelling
redness
heat

1031
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when cells are damaged they release

A

chemicals

1032
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mast cells release ___________ and ___________ when tissue is damaged

A

histamine

heparin

1033
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

heparin’s function

A

anticlot

1034
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

histamine causes ___________, ___________, and ___________ to site of injury

A

vasodilation
vessel permeability
chemotaxis

1035
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is attraction of wbcs

A

chemotaxis

1036
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how to wbcs move

A

diapedesis

1037
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what causes fever

A

pyrons

1038
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

other chemicals involved with inflammation

A

interferons
kinins
leukotrienes
interleukins

1039
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a protein involved with defense

A

complement

1040
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

complement proteins are named:

A

C1-C9

factors B,D and P

1041
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how do complement proteins attack pathogens

A

form a membrane attack complex (MAC) and open pores on pathogen

1042
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

complements with antibodies cause the wbcs to more attracked to pathogens. Called:

A

opsonization

1043
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Natural Killer cells look for cells who’s ___________ have ___________

A

membranes

changed shape

1044
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if NK cells detect something wrong w/cell they release ___________ which created holes and kills the cell

A

perforin

1045
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

micro and macrophages do what

A

eat up

1046
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b cells mature

A

bone

1047
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

t cells mature

A

thymus

1048
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

important concept in immune is determining self from

A

non-self

1049
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when an ___________ is recognized it causes a response

A

antigen

1050
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

immunity includes

A

innate

acquired

1051
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

innate immunity is

A

genetically determined

1052
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

acquired immunity is from

A

exposure

1053
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

active acquired immunity is from

A

antigen

1054
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

passive acquired immunity is from

A

transfer of antibodies

1055
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cell mediated immunity is

A

cell to cell

1056
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

EBV targets the

A

B cells

1057
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

HIV targets

A

CD4 (T helper) cell

1058
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

t helper cell secretes

A

cytokines

1059
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b cells secrete

A

antibodies

1060
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

t suppresser cell does what

A

inhibit T and B cell activation

1061
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are chemicals released from cells which affect nearby cells and activate NK cells

A

interferons

1062
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most lymphocyte activation involves

A

glycoproteins

1063
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the glycoproteins on the surface of the pathogens are called

A

major histocompatability moelecules “MHC”

1064
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

antibodies also called

A

immunoglobins

1065
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

antibodies are produced by ___________ cells

A

plasma

1066
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where are antibodies produced

A

blood plasma

1067
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

5 types of anitbodies

A

IgM, A, D, G, E

1068
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

IgM is

A

first to respond

1069
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

IgA found in

A

in saliva, tears, mucous, breast milk

1070
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

IgD associated with

A

on B Cells

1071
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

IgG is

A

largets and diverse class - can cross placenta

1072
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

IgE is

A

type I allergic reaction

1073
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which antibody binds to mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

1074
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

all living cells require oxygen for

A

metabolism

1075
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

metabolism produces

A

ATP

1076
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how is oxygen provided to cells

A

respiration

1077
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does respiration remove

A

carbon dioxide

1078
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

upper resp tract refers to

A

nasal cavity

pharynx

1079
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lower resp tract refers to

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

1080
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

resp tract is lined with ___________ to assist in moving mucus

A

cilia

1081
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of mucus in resp tract

A

traps bacteria and debris

1082
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the nasal cavity is divided by the

A

nasal septum

1083
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

anterior part of the nasal septum is

A

cartilage

1084
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

posterior aspect of the nasal septum is

A

vomer

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

1085
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of the nasal cavity

A

cleans air
traps debris
humidifies and warms the air

1086
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ are located in the nasal septum

A

paranasal sinuses

1087
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is function of paranasal sinuses

A

resonate sounds

1088
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the pharynx is the

A

throat

1089
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pharynx is divided into 3 regions

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
larngopharynx

1090
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what enters the nasopharynx

A

eustachian tubes

1091
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

larynx contains the

A

thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

1092
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

1093
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vocal chords are found in the

A

larynx

1094
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are a pair of ligaments that extend off the arytenoid cartilage to the posteriod surface of the thyroid cartilage

A

vocal cords

1095
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

opening between the 2 vocal cords

A

glottis

1096
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it

A

epiglottis

1097
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wind pipe

A

trachea

1098
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

trachea contains ___________ rings of cartilage

A

C shape

1099
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

posterior aspect of the trachea is made up of the

A

trachealis muscle

1100
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

trachea divides to form

A

2 primary bronchi

1101
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

trachea divides at the level of the

A

carina

1102
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the site of gas exchange in resp system

A

aveoli

1103
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the base of each lung rests on the

A

diaphragm

1104
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which lung is larger

A

right

1105
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

how many lobes each lung have

A

left: 2
right: 3

1106
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what nerve stimulates the diaphragm

A

phrenic

1107
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is primary muscle of breathing

A

diaphragm

1108
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what other muscles contribute to breathing

A

intercostals
abdomen muslces
some neck/back

1109
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells

A

surfactant

1110
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of surfactant

A

reduce surface friction of the alveoli

1111
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

surfactants are also produced in what cavity

A

pleural

1112
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

1113
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

inspiration is called

A

inhalation

1114
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

expirations is called

A

exhalation

1115
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the measure of the ease at which lungs and thorax expand

A

compliance

1116
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs

A

spirometry

1117
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

spirometry is measured by a

A

spirometer

1118
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does spirometry measure

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

1119
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the total volume of air that is inspired and expired

A

tidal volume

1120
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

1121
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibily after normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

1122
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume

1123
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

once oxygen diffuses from the alveolus of the lungs it is bound to

A

hemoglobin

1124
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hemoglobin (with oxygen) travels from pulmonary capillaries to the

A

tissue capillaries

1125
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

once hemoglobin arrives at the tissue, the oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the

A

interstitial fluid

1126
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is produced as a by-product of cellular resp

A

carbon dioxide

1127
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gas exchange to remove carbon dioxide happens where

A

alveolus of lungs

1128
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

as ph of blood reduces the amount of O2 boudn to hemoglobin

A

reduces

1129
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

increase in the H+ ions change blood’s

A

ph

1130
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is when H+ combines with hemoglobin, changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it

A

Bohr Effect

1131
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

as temp in blood increases, oxygen’s ability to bind to hemoglobin

A

reduces

1132
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by these methods

A

co2 gas in blood
globin part of hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions

1133
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most common method of carbon dioxide transport

A

bicarbonate ions

1134
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with carbon dioxide after it has released its O2

A

haldane effect

1135
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

resp center is located in the

A

medulla oblongata

1136
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ contains the apneustic and pneumotxic areas

A

pons

1137
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is abnormal inspiration pattern involving deep gasping inspiration and ineffective delayed exspiration

A

apneustic

1138
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________is area involved with regulating how much air intake

A

pneumotaxic area

1139
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does GI tract start

A

mouth/oral cavity

1140
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pathway of GI tract

A
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anaus
1141
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

small intestine is broken down in order

A

suodenum
jejunm
ileum

1142
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

large intestine is broken down in order

A
colon
cecum
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
1143
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what shape is the sigmoid of the large intestine

A

s shape

1144
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

accessory organs of GI tract

A
glands
teeth
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
appendix
1145
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when food starts in the mouth it becomes

A

bolus

1146
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the bolus goes through ___________ and arrives in the stomach

A

segmentation

1147
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when the bolus leaves the stomach it becomes

A

chyme

1148
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the contraction of the smooth muscles that moves the bolus/chyme through the gi tract

A

peristalsis

1149
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

peritoneum contains

A

visceral

parietal

1150
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the visceral aligns the

A

organs

1151
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the parietal aligns the

A

cavities

1152
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ attach to the abdominal organs

A

mesenteries

1153
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mesenteries are double sheets of

A

peritoneal membrane

1154
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what stabilizes the stomach

A

lesser omentum

1155
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ covers the surface of the intestines anteriorly

A

greater omentum

1156
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

omentum is ___________

A

fatty skin

1157
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 layers in alimentary canal

A

mucosa layer
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

1158
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mucous (alimentary canal) is produced by way of the ___________ cells

A

goblet

1159
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the mucosa layer contains the

A

lamina propria

1160
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the lamina propria contains

A

muscularis mucosa

1161
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

shapes of muscles in muscularis mucosa

A

circular

longitudinal

1162
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which layer of alimentary canal tends to be innervated

A

submucosa

1163
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is found in submucosa layer of alimentary canal

A

Meissner’s plexus or submucosal plexus

1164
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscularis (externa) layer contains what shape muscles

A

circular

longitudinal

1165
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the muscularis layer is innervated with the plexus of

A

Auerbach aka myenteric plexus

1166
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

serosa layer of alimentary canal is called adbentitia in the ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________

A

oral cavity
pahrynx
esophagus
rectum

1167
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ = oral cavity

A

buccal cavity

1168
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

buccal cavity contains

A

labia (lips)
gingival
uvula
fauces

1169
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ = gums

A

gingival

1170
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of uvula

A

prevents food prematurely entering pharynx

1171
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ = passageway between mouth and orophayrnx

A

fauces

1172
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tongue

A

glossa

1173
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tongue is made of ___________ and ___________ muscle

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

1174
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tongue has

A

body

root

1175
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the thin fold of mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

A

frenulum

1176
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cranial nerves associated with tongue

A

N XII - hypoglossal
N VII - facial
N IX - glossopharyngeal

1177
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which cranial nerve associated with tongue muscle movement

A

hypoglossal N XII

1178
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which cranial nerve associated with taste

A

facial N VII and

glossopharyngeal N IX

1179
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 salivary glands

A

sublingual
submandibula
parotid

1180
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of sublingual salivary glands

A

buffer and lubricate

1181
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of submandibula salivary glands

A

mucins and salivary amylase

1182
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of parotid salivary glands

A

salivary amylase

1183
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what salivary gland produces the most of saliva

A

submandibula (70%)

1184
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is an enzyme that breaks down some carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase

1185
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

saliva consists of ___________ of water

A

99.4%

1186
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what besides water is in saliva

A

electrolyte mucins
buffers
IgA
lysozyme

1187
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is role of buffers in saliva

A

keep ph around 7

1188
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is an enzyme with defensive quality

A

lysozyme

1189
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ targets the salivary glands, especially parotid

A

mumps

1190
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

adults have ___________ permanent teeth

A

32

1191
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for permanent teeth

A

secondary

1192
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

children have ___________ primary teeth

A

20

1193
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

another name for primary teeth

A

deciduous

1194
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

types of teeth

A

incisors
cuspids
bicuspids
molars

1195
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

incisors are

A

bladed

1196
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cuspids are

A

canines

1197
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bicuspids are

A

premolars

1198
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

molars do what

A

crush and grind

1199
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tooth includes

A

crown
neck
root

1200
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

crown of tooth includes

A

enamel
dentin
pulp

1201
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

neck of tooth is surrounded by

A

gingival

1202
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

root of tooth contains

A

root canal
cementum
periodontal ligament

1203
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is chewing

A

mastication

1204
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pharynx consists of

A

oropharynx
larynxopharynx
nasopharynx

1205
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

which muscle is associated with pharynx

A

constrictor

1206
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of constrictor muscle

A

move bolus to the esophagus

1207
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

esophagus runs from ___________ to ___________

A

pharynx

stomach

1208
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

esophagus contains upper and lower ___________ muscle which controls the amount of bolus from passing

A

esophageal sphincter

1209
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

people with ___________ may have issues with the closure of the sphincter muscle

A

GERD or acid reflux

1210
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is swallowing

A

deglutition

1211
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

swallowing reflex is located where

A

medulla oblongata

1212
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

esophageal ___________ is an opening in diaphragm

A

hiatus

1213
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hernia in diaphragm (esophageal)

A

hiatal hernia

1214
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of the stomach

A

food storage
mechanical breakdown of food
chemical breakdown of food
instrinsic factor involved iwth Vita B12 absopriton

1215
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chyme enters the duodendum via the

A

pyloric sphincter

1216
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

stomach anatomy

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

1217
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most superior part of stomach

A

fundus

1218
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

main part of stomach

A

body

1219
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of pylorus on stomach

A

between body and duodendum

1220
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

major artery vasculizing stomach

A

gastric artery

1221
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

tissue of stomach consists of a muscle layer that contains what muscle shapes

A

circular
longitudinal
oblique

1222
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

epithelium layer of stomach of folds called ___________ and shallow depressions called ___________

A

rugae

gastric pits

1223
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

parietal cells (stomach) secrete ___________ and ___________

A

intrinsic factor

HCL

1224
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are located deep in the gastric pit of stomach

A

chief cells

1225
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

chief cells secrete ___________

A

pepinogen

1226
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pepinogen and HCL combine and form

A

pepsin

1227
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a protease (enzyme which breaks down proteins)

A

pepsin

1228
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

located in the pylorus are the ___________ which secrete gastrin

A

G cells

1229
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ causes contractions of the gastric wall and stimulates the parietal and chief cells

A

gastrin

1230
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ nerve responds parasympathetically, signallying smooth muscle contractions of the peristalsis

A

vagus nerve N X

1231
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

location of highest absoprtion of nutrients

A

small intestine

1232
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

small folds on the intestines are called

A

plicae

1233
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

on the plicae are intestinal ___________

A

villi

1234
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

within the villus the lacteal absorbs mostly

A

lipids

1235
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

globlet cells produce

A

mucin

1236
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Brunner’s glands produce copious amounts of ___________ when chyme arrives from the stomach (intestines)

A

mucus

1237
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cryptes of Lieberkuhn located in the ___________

A

intestines

1238
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ cells are located deep in intestines and secrete lysozyme, defensins, etc which kill bacteria

A

paneth cells

1239
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

brush border enzymes are involved with

A

digestion

1240
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the gastroileal reflex relaxes the

A

ileocecal valve

1241
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are towards the end of the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

1242
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are defense against the symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the large intestine

A

peyer’s patches

1243
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is control of vomiting located

A

medulla oblongata

1244
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreas anatomy contains

A

head
body
tail

1245
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreas contains

A

lobules

1246
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreas is primarily vascularized by the

A

pancreatic arteries

1247
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreatic islets are called

A

Islets of Langerhan

1248
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ has endocrine function and acinar cells

A

islets of langerhan

1249
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice - this is an ___________ function

A

exocrine

1250
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

70% of pancreatic enzymes are

A

proteases

1251
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreatic lipases breakdown

A

fats

triglycerides

1252
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pancreatic amylases are also called

A

carbohydrase

1253
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes

A

CCK

1254
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic buffers

A

secretin

1255
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ nerve also stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes

A

vagus

1256
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ducts of the pancreas includes ___________

A

Wirsung duct

1257
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ meets the bile duct

A

Wirsung duct

1258
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is the bile duct from

A

live and gallbladder

1259
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where does the Wirsung and bile ducts meet

A

ampulla of Vater

1260
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the duodenal and hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

ampulla of Vater

1261
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is duct that leads to the duodendum

A

Santorini duct

1262
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the largest visceral organ

A

liver

1263
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver has ___________ lobes

A

4

1264
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

4 lobes of liver

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

1265
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

right and left lobes of liver are divided by the

A

Falcifom ligament

1266
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what lobe of liver is dorsal

A

caudate

1267
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ marks the path of the umbilical cord

A

ligamentum teres

1268
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver contains

A

hepatocytes

1269
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ adjust circulating levels of nutrients by selective absorption and secretion

A

hepatocytes

1270
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hepatocytes produce bile from

A

cholesterol

1271
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver lobules are surrounded by 6

A

hepatic triads

1272
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

branches of the hepatic portal area:

A

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
small branch of bile duct

1273
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

throughout the liver lobules are ___________ cells

A

Kupffer

1274
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Kupffer cells are

A

macrophages

1275
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Kupffer cells prefer to eat

A

damaged rbcs

1276
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bile is secreted via

A

bile canaliculi
ductules
ducts
common hepatic duct

1277
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bile is

A

amphipathic

1278
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

amphipathic

1279
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bile being amphipathic allows it to emulsify and transport

A

lipids

1280
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver is very important metabolically with regards to

A

carbohydrates

1281
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the following occurs in liver wrt carbohydrates

A
glycogenesis
glycogen
glycogen (stored)
glycogenolysis
glycogen
glucose
gluconeogensis 
lactic acid + AA's 
glucose
1282
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when lipids decline, the lipid reserves empty into the

A

bloodstream

1283
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

most lipids absorbed from digestion bypass

A

hepatic portal circulation

1284
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver is involved with

A

removal of toxins

waste removal

1285
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver stores

A

fat soluble vitamines KADE
Vita B12
minerals: iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)

1286
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

liver converts ___________ from the skin

A

Vitamin D3

1287
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of gallbladder

A

store bile

1288
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ duct leaves the gallbladder

A

cystic

1289
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cystic duct joins the ___________

A

common hepatic duct

1290
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cystic duct and common hepatic duct form the

A

common bile duct

1291
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ releases bile to the duodendum

A

sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)

1292
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functions of large intestines

A

reabsorption of water
compactor
absorption of vit (b12, biotin, k)
store fecal matter

1293
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

pouches in large intestine

A

haustra

1294
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is peristalsis of colon

A

haustral churning

1295
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 bands of longitudinal muscles in Large intestine that causes churning called

A

taentia coli

1296
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ attaches to the cecum

A

vermiform appendix

1297
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________dominates the veriform appendix

A

lymphoid nodules

1298
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is digested in mouth/by what

A

carbohydrates/amylase

fat/liqual lipase

1299
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mechanical digestion occuring in mouth

A

mastication

1300
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is digested in stomach/by what

A

proteins/ pepsin and acid

1301
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is digested in duodenum/by what

A

proteuin/trypsin
carbs/pancreatic amylase
lipid/pancreatic lipase

1302
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lipid starts as a ___________ that is broken down into little bubbles

A

fat bubble

1303
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lipid is broken down by

A

emulsification

1304
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when lipid is emulsified it becomes

A

micelle

1305
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is bile and fat

A

micelle

1306
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

micelle is broken down into

A

chylomicron

1307
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is micelle and protein

A

chylomicron

1308
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fat soluble vitamins are

A

KADE

1309
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

water soluble vitamins are

A

mostly B’s and C

1310
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what does B12 need to be digested

A

intrinsic factor

1311
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

metabolism includes ___________ and ___________ of organic molecules

A

catabolism

anabolism

1312
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ breaking down of organic molecules

A

catabolism

1313
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ synthesis of organic molecules

A

anabolism

1314
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is the energy molecule

A

ATP -3

1315
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

main focus of metabolism is production of

A

ATP

1316
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cAMP has how many phosphate groups

A

1

1317
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ADP has how many phosphate groups

A

2

1318
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ATP has how many phosphate groups

A

3

1319
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is produced in mitochondrion along with ATP

A

CO2

water

1320
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

process of ATP synthesis in mitochondrion is called

A

areobic resp

cellular respiration

1321
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

ATP synthesis outside of mitochondrion is called

A

anaerobic respiration

1322
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

basic unit of carbohydrates is

A

monosaccharide

1323
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

primary source of energy for cellular resp

A

glucose

1324
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glucose is

A

6 carbon monosaccharide

1325
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

other sugars are

A

sucrose
fructose
lactose

1326
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sucrose is

A

table sugar

1327
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

fructose is

A

fruit sugar

1328
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lactose is

A

milk sugar

1329
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is process of breaking down glucose for energy

A

glycolysis

1330
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

to start glycolysis ___________ is needed

A

2 ATP

1331
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glycolysis creates ___________ ATP

A

4

1332
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

net result of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

1333
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

glycolysis does not require

A

oxygen

1334
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if oxygen is present glycolysis produces ___________ ATP

A

36 or 38

1335
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end product of glucose in glycolysis (with oxygen) is

A

pyruvic acid

1336
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

end product of glucose in glycolysis (without oxygen) is

A

lactic acid

1337
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the cycle used in aerobic resp

A

Krebs Cycle

1338
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

used after Krebs cycle in aerobic resp

A

ETC/ETS

1339
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what is pyruvate

A

salt form of pyruvic acid

1340
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ is a sequence of proteins called cytochromes

A

ETC

1341
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ETC is a series of ___________ reactions

A

redux

1342
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the reactions of ETC lead to a build up of ___________ outer and inner membrane of mitochondrion

A

H+

1343
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

we expire Co2 from the ___________ and H2) from ___________ and ___________

A

krebs cycle

krebs and ETC

1344
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ breakdown of lipids

A

lipolysis

1345
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ creation of lipids

A

lipogenesis

1346
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bad cholesterol is

A

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

1347
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

good cholesterol is

A

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

1348
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

low density lipoprotein is made in

A

liver

1349
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

high density lipoprotein goes to

A

liver

1350
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ can also be used for energy in certain circumstances

A

amino acids

1351
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vit K source

A

symbiotic bacteria

1352
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of vit K

A

clotting/prothrombin

1353
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vit A source

A

leafy green and yellow veggies

1354
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit A function

A

vision/retinol

1355
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit D source

A

made in body

1356
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sequence for how Vit D is made in body

A

skin
liver
kidney

1357
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit D function

A

absorptinof Ca+/digestive tract

1358
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit E source

A

meat, milk, veggies

1359
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vit E function

A

antioxident

prevent breakdown of Vit A and fatty acids

1360
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

water soluble vitamins (bs)

A

1,2,5,6,12
niacin
folic acid

1361
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b1

A

thiamin

1362
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b2

A

ribflavin

1363
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b5

A

pantothenic acid

1364
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b6

A

pyridoxine

1365
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

b12

A

cobalamin

1366
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

is Vit C water or fat soluble

A

water

1367
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vit C

A

ascorbic acid/antioxident

1368
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what mineral is needed for thyroid hormone for metabolism

A

iodine

1369
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

major minerals in metabolism

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P(phosphorous), Mg2+

1370
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

organs of urinary tract

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

1371
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

organs impacting urinary system

A

adrenal
heart
posterior pituitary

1372
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is urination

A

micturation

1373
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

outer layer of kidney

A

cortex

1374
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

inner layer or core of kidney

A

medulla

1375
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

calyx of kidney 2 parts

A

major and minor

1376
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ opens to the ureter

A

renal pelvis

1377
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

functional units of kidney

A

nephrons

1378
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

cortical nephrons are surrounded by

A

peritubular capillaries

1379
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded vascularly by

A

vasa recta

1380
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bowman’s capsule is a nephron

A

glomerular

1381
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ surrounds the glomerulus

A

glomerular

1382
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

PCT (nephron) is

A

proximal convoluted tubule

1383
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

where is Henle loop located

A

descending/ascending arm of nephron

1384
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

DCT (nephron)

A

distal convlouted tubule

1385
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

blood enters the nephron in the

A

glomerulus

1386
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

macula densa means

A

dense spot

1387
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are specialized cells which have receptors which detect concentration of sodium ions in kidney

A

macula densa

1388
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

if sodium ions are low in kidney, ___________ is released

A

renin

1389
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

renin causes

A

increased BP and BV

1390
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ acts on the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

1391
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

__________ is the hormone that completes the Vit D chain

A

calcitriol

1392
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

wastes involved with kidney

A
urea
creatine
ammonia
uric acid
urobilin/bilirubin
1393
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

largest percent of waste involved with kidney

A

urea

1394
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the waste creatine is from

A

creatine phosphate

1395
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uric acid waste is from

A

RNA (purines)

1396
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what gives urine its color

A

urobilin/bilirubin

1397
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

GFR (kidney)

A

glomerular filtration rate

1398
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

GFR is affected by

A

hormones and NS

1399
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

hormones that impact GFR

A

renin
ANP
ANF/ANH

1400
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ henle loop is impermeable to solutes

A

descending

1401
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ henle loop is impermeable to water

A

ascending

1402
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

function of reproduction

A

continue species

1403
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

somatic cells contain ___________ chromosomes

A

46

1404
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gamete cells contain ___________ chromosomes

A

23

1405
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gametes are contained in the

A

gonads

1406
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gametes in male/female

A

sperm/egg

1407
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gonads in male/female

A

testes/ovaries

1408
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

maturation of gamete (male)

A

spermatogenesis

1409
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ becomes a sperm in spermatogenesis

A

spermatozoa

1410
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

maturation of gamete (female)

A

oogenesis

1411
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ becomes an egg in oogenesis

A

oocyte

1412
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

gonads are located in the

A

scrotum

1413
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

male repro tract

A

testes
epididymus
ductus (vas) deferens
urethra

1414
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

accessory organs male repro tract

A

seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

1415
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

bulbourethral gland (male repro) also called

A

Cowper’s gland

1416
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ muslce when contracted pulls testes toward the body in response to temp changes

A

cremaster

1417
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

spermatogenesisioccurs in

A

semineferous tubules with lobules

1418
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

androgens are produced in men in the _______

A

Leydig cells

1419
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Leydig cells are located in the

A

testes

1420
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

predominat androgen produced by Leydig cells

A

testosterone

1421
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

when does levels of testosterone start declining in men

A

50 - 60 yrs old

1422
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what cells provide nutrienets to the spermatids during development

A

Sertoli cells

1423
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm anatomy

A

head
neck
tail

1424
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm head consists of

A

acrosomal cap

nucleus

1425
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm neck contains

A

centriole

1426
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm tail has a

A

flagellum

1427
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm maturation and storage is the

A

epididymus

1428
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is a tube from the epididymus to the ejaulatory duct

A

vas (ductus) deferens

1429
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

60% volume of seen is secreted by

A

seminal vesicle

1430
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ secretes fluid which is 20-30% of semen

A

prostate gland

1431
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the ___________ secret thick alkaline mucous which leads to neutralization

A

Bulbourethal glands

1432
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

penis anatomy

A

shaft
glans
prepuse

1433
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

penis glans is

A

head

1434
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

penis prepuse is

A

foreskin

1435
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscles within penis

A

corpus spongiosum

corpora cavernosum

1436
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

sperm and egg are haploid/diploid (chose)

A

haploid

1437
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

______ is composed of a protein called opsin and the compound retina (retinene), which is synthesized from Vitamin A

A

Rhodopsin

1438
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Vitamin A is synthesized from

A

Beta-carotene

1439
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

______ is the origin of the optic nerve

A

Optic disc

1440
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

What is blind spot of eye

A

Optic disc

1441
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Eye has 2 cavities

A

Aqueous humor

Vitreous humor

1442
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

Which cavity of eye is anterior

A

Aqueous humor

1443
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ stimulates the ovarian cycle

A

FSH

1444
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ supports the female repo organs

A

broad ligament

1445
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ supports the ovaries

A

ovarian ligament

1446
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is the degeneration of primordial follicles (female repo)

A

atresia

1447
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ are cells that after oogenesis division do not become eggs

A

polar bodies

1448
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________ is an immature egg

A

follicle

1449
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

after ovulation the corpus luteum becomes

A

corpus albicans

1450
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

corpus luteum is what color

A

yellowish

1451
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

corpus albicans is what color

A

white

1452
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

3 layers of uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
permetrium

1453
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterus endometrium layer is

A

glandular

1454
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterus myometrium layer is

A

muscle

1455
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterus perimetrium layer is

A

serosa

1456
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterus is vascularized by

A

arcuate arteries

1457
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterine cycle repeats unless implantation of

A

blastocyte

1458
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

___________stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progestins

A

LH

1459
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

estrogen is secreted by ___________ and ___________

A

thecal cells

granulosa

1460
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the fallopian tube has

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

1461
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

the infundibulum of the fallopian tube has

A

fibriae

1462
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterus function

A

provides nutrients
warmth
protection

1463
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

uterine cycle

A

menses

degeneration of functional zone

1464
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

menstruation is

A

sloughing of the endometrial lining

1465
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

mammary gland includes

A

lactiferous sinus and duct
lobes
pectoral fat pad

1466
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

lactiferous duct supplies

A

milk
colostrum
IgA

1467
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

vagina is a muscular tube that contains

A

hymen

1468
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

muscle of vagina

A

bulbospongious

1469
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

other female repo features

A

glans clitoris

labias

1470
Q

FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER

what stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

oxytocin