First Aid Review -- Part 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in First Aid Review -- Part 2 Deck (28)
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1
Q

Sickle cells are seen in…

A

Sickle cell anemia.

2
Q

Sickling of RBCs in sickle cell anemia is precipitated by…

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Deoxygenation
  3. Ascension to high altitude
3
Q

Spherocytes are observed in…

A
  1. Hereditary spherocytosis

2. Drug- and infection-induced hemolytic anemia

4
Q

Dacrocytes (“teardrop cells”) are characteristic of…

A

Bone marrow infiltration (e.g., myelofibrosis)

5
Q

Target cells are seen in…

A
  1. HbC disease
  2. Asplenia
  3. Liver disease
  4. Thalassemia

REMEMBER: “HALT” said the hunter to his target.

6
Q

Oxidation of Hb -SH groups results in Hb precipitation in the form of…

A

Heinz bodies.

7
Q

Heinz bodies are observed in…

A

G6PD deficiency. Heinz body-like inclusions are also seen in alpha-thalassemia.

8
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBCs are called…

A

Howell-Jolly bodies.

9
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are normally removed from RBCs by…

A

Splenic macrophages.

10
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in patients with…

A

Functional hyposplenia or asplenia.

11
Q

Causes of macrocytic, non-megaloblastic anemia

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Alcoholism
  3. Reticulocytosis
12
Q

Causes of macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

A
  1. Folate deficiency
  2. B12 deficiency
  3. Orotic aciduria
13
Q

Macrocytic anemia involves…

A

MCV > 100 fL

14
Q

Anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia may first present as…and then progress to…

A

Normocytic anemia; microcytic anemia

15
Q

Copper deficiency can cause…

A

Microcytic sideroblastic anemia.

16
Q

Microcytic anemia involves…

A

MCV

17
Q

Causes of microcytic anemia

A
  1. Iron deficiency (late)
  2. Anemia of chronic disease
  3. Thalassemias
  4. Lead poisoning
  5. Sideroblastic anemia
18
Q

Causes of normocytic, nonhemolytic anemia

A
  1. Anemia of chronic disease
  2. Aplastic anemia
  3. Chronic kidney disease
  4. Iron deficiency (early)
19
Q

Intrinsic causes of normocytic, hemolytic anemia

A
  1. RBC membrane defect: hereditary spherocytosis
  2. RBC enzyme deficiency: G6PD, pyruvate kinase
  3. HbC defect
  4. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
  5. Sickle cell anemia
20
Q

Extrinsic causes of normocytic, hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Autoimmune
  2. Microangiopathic
  3. Macroangiopathic
  4. Infections
21
Q

Clinical findings in iron deficiency

A
  1. Decreased serum iron
  2. Increased TIBC
  3. Decreased serum ferritin
  4. Fatigue
  5. Conjunctival pallor
  6. Spoon nails (koilonychia)
  7. Microcytosis and hypochromia
22
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome consists of a triad of:

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Esophageal webs
  3. Atrophic glossitis
23
Q

Alpha-thalassemia is characterized by…

A

Decreased alpha-globin synthesis.

24
Q

Hb Barts

A

Excess gamma globin forms gamma4. Results from no alpha-globin production due to four allele deletion. Incompatible with life (causes hydrops fetalis).

25
Q

HbH disease involves…

A

three allele deletion of alpha globin. Very little alpha globin is produced. Excess beta globin forms beta4 (HbH).

26
Q

Beta thalassemia involves…

A

Decreased beta globin synthesis

27
Q

Beta thalassemia minor (pt is heterozygote)

A

Beta chain is underproduced. Usually asymptomatic. Diagnosis is confirmed by increased HbA2 (>3.5%) on electrophoresis.

28
Q

Schistocytes “helmet cells” are observed in…

A
  1. DIC
  2. TTP/HUS
  3. HELLP syndrome
  4. Mechanical hemolysis (e.g., heart valve prosthesis)