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Flashcards in first test #1` Deck (48)
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1
Q

Most organs in the body can now be considered _____ organs

A

endocrine

2
Q

A ______ for a specific hormone will have a protein receptor molecule that binds the hormone. The binding of the hormone to the receptor will trigger a biochemical reaction that will lead to a _____ response

A

target cell, physiological

3
Q

Hormones can either ____ or _____ specific functions in a cell.

A

activate, inhibit

4
Q

_____ organs are organs with cells that respond to hormones

A

Target

5
Q

_____ are molecules that convey information between cells

____ are intracellular molecules that mediate the action of primary messengers.

A

Primary messengers

Secondary messengers

6
Q

____ alter membrane electrical potential. Produced by neurons, released directly onto their target cells at the synapse.

A

Neurotransmitters (NT)

7
Q

Neurotransmitters (NT) can ____ or ____ the membrane

A

hypo or hyperpolarize

8
Q

_____ are produced by neurons, released directly onto their target cells at the synapse

A

Neuropeptides

9
Q

Neuropeptides act either as ____ or as _____

A

growth factors, neuromodulators

10
Q

_____ are primary messengers that alter a neuron’s response to neurotransmitters.

A

Neuromodulators

11
Q

Neuromodulators by themselves they do not alter the _____, but when they bind to a neuron, prior to the binding of a neurotransmitter they can either enhance or inhibit the neuron’s response to the NT.

A

membrane action potential

12
Q

The drug Valium functions as a neuromodulator, enhancing the action of _____ , an inhibitory neurotransmitter that decreases responses to anxiety inducing stimuli

A

GABA

13
Q

____ are signaling molecules that act within the same organ that produces them. They are not secreted into the blood to reach their target cells. Example:

A

Paracrines

Growth Hormone

14
Q

____ are a subset of paracrines. These are passed directly from neighboring cells, often through gap junctions. Examples (2)

A

Juxtacrines

Insulin and Glucagon

15
Q

____ are primary messenger molecules such as hormones can also act on the cell that produces them.

A

Autocrines

16
Q

_____ are signaling molecules produced by the immune system. They can act locally but also can travel in the blood, as immune cells are often found in the blood

A

Cytokines

17
Q

Norepinephrine is a _____ when it is released by neurons, a _____ when secreted into the blood by the adrenal medulla and a _____ when released by immune cells.

A

neurotransmitter, hormone, cytokine

18
Q

Estrogen is a hormone produced by the ovary, an _____ hormone that stimulates the function of the ovarian cells that produce it, and a _____ when it alters neuron function.

A

autocrine, neuromodulator

19
Q

A cell can respond to multiple _____ molecules at the same time. Each may alter the level of a different second messenger molecule or they may work together to alter the level of the same second messenger molecule.

A

primary messenger

20
Q

The physiological responses a cell exhibits will depend on the balance of _____ molecules within it at any given moment.

A

second messenger

21
Q

Constant communication between the these three systems. Each modifies the functions of the others

A

Endocrine
Nervous
Immune

22
Q

The three systems produce the same ______ which act through the same _____ systems, thus they are all constantly in communication with each other. All 3 systems are ____

A

primary messengers, secondary messenger

sensory

23
Q

Anger with hope/will to live (FIGHT):

Amygdaloid Central Nucleus→Hypothalamus→SNS→_______

A

lAdrenal Medulla Norepinephrine

24
Q

Fear (FLIGHT):

Amygdaloid Central Nucleus→Hypothalamus→SNS→_______

A

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine

25
Q
Give up (DESPAIR):
Hippocampus→Hypothalamus→CRH →Anterior Pituitary→ACTH→\_\_\_\_\_
A

Adrenal Cortex Cortisol

26
Q

Excessive cortisol strongly suppresses ______ can also cause: (5)

A

the immune system

  • osteoporosis
  • hypertension
  • atherosclerosis
  • DM
  • muscle wastage
27
Q

Variable Homeostasis examples (3)

A
  • Temperature
  • Blood glucose
  • Blood flow
28
Q

____ is the optimal level of variable

A

Set Point

29
Q

_____ convey the information from the sensors to the integrating center. Transfers information to integrating center

A

Afferent Pathways

30
Q

_____ contains the set point. Receives information about the variable and other relevant variables from many different sensors. Compares the level of the variable to the ideal level and activates effectors to change the variable Integrating Center

A

Integrating Center

31
Q

_____ carry information from the integrating center to the effectors

A

Efferent Pathways

32
Q

____ are cells that act to change the variable (muscle, secretory cells, immune cells, endocrine cells, etc.)

A

Effectors

33
Q

Only a few physiological variables (a.k.a. parameters) do not change their set points. True homeostatic variables include (3)

A
  • pH
  • osmotic pressure
  • ion concentrations of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺
34
Q

Consequently, the ____ can not afford to allow its set point to vary

A

nervous system

35
Q

_____ is the maintenance of an ideal internal environment. _____ of the body is response to the environment

A

Homeodynamics, Coordination

36
Q

_____: Loss of ability to respond to a changing environment

A

Theory of Aging

37
Q

Homeodynamics difference from homeostasis: The SET POINT _____
_____ is the set point of the moment in response to all internal and external conditions influencing the body

A

changes (not a constant environment)

Settling Point

38
Q

Variables that change set points constantly: (6)

A
  • hormone levels
  • nutrient levels
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • respiratory rate
  • glomerular filtration rate
39
Q

Variables that change set points with circadian rhythms: (2)

A

Temperature

hormone levels

40
Q

Variables that change in response to pathological conditions (to help body cope with the pathology): (3)

A
  • temperature,
  • hormone levels
  • cytokines etc.
41
Q

Variables that change in response to reproductive state: (5)

A
  • Temperature
  • hormone levels
  • cytokines
  • CO2 level
  • glucose etc.
42
Q

Homeostatic/homeodynamic mechanisms can contain all elements within a _____
Example:

A

single cell
Beta cell of pancreas - measures blood glucose levels and secretes Insulin to lower blood glucose levels when blood glucose levels get too high

43
Q

Homeostatic/homeodynamic mechanisms can involve the _____

Example: response to major stress _____

A

entire body

“fight or flight response”

44
Q

Homeostatic/homeodynamic mechanisms can involve several _____ or _____

A

organs, cell types

45
Q

The _____ is a major site of hormone destruction. Failure can lead to an increased half life of _____–> increased action

A

liver, steroid hormones

46
Q

_____ proteins protect enzyme from destruction and excretion

A

Carrier

47
Q

____ proteins prevent the action of the hormones

A

Inhibitory binding

48
Q

____ prevent the action of hormones

A

Antibodies