Forearm Injury Flashcards Preview

Orthopaedics > Forearm Injury > Flashcards

Flashcards in Forearm Injury Deck (15)
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1
Q

Learning Outcome:

A
  1. Radial and ulna shaft fracture
  2. Monteggia fracture
  3. Galeazzi fracture
  4. Distal radius fracture
    - Colles fracture
    - Smith’s fracture
    - Chaffeur’s fracture
    - Barton’s fracture
    - Die-Punched fracture
  5. Scaphoid fracture
  6. Lunate fracture
  7. Metacarpal fracture
    - 1st metacarpal (intraarticular, extraarticular)
    - 2nd-5th metacarpal (Head, neck, base, shaft)
  8. Phalangeal fracture
    - distal (Mellet, tuft, shaft, avulsion)
    - proximal
  9. Extensor tendon injury
    - eight zones (communicate, pathology) laceration wound only
    - six compartment
  10. Flexor tendon injury
    - five zones
    - five annular lig.
    - three cruciate lig.

vincular
osseus
synovial fluid

tenodesis effect
forearm compression
normal cascade

early - 2 weeks primary repair
late- tendon reconstruct or joint fusion

2
Q

Radial and Ulnar Shaft Fracture pathology

A
  1. Epidemiology
    - more common in men
  2. Mechanism of injury
    - fall on outstretched hand, twisting
    - direct blow
  3. Associated injury
    - DRUJ, elbow (Galeazi, Monteggia)
    - compartment syndrome
  4. Classification
    - open/closed
    - discription as normal long bone fracture
3
Q

Monteggia Fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: Proximal or middle third ulna fracture associated with radiocapitellar joint dislocation
  2. Epidemiology:
    more common in children
  3. Mechanism of injury:
    - fall on outstretched hand with pronated forearm
    - self-defense injury
  4. Bado Classification:
    Type I - fracture of ulnar with anterior angulation and anterior dislocation of radial head (60%)
    Type II - fracture of ulnar with posterior angulation and posterior dislocation of radial head (15%)
    Type III - fracture of ulnar with radial angulation and lateral dislocation of radial head (20%)
    Type IV - fracture of ulnar with anterior angulation and anterior dislocation of radial head and fracture of proximal third of radius (5%)
  5. Associated injury
    - PIN injury
    - compartment syndrome
4
Q

Monteggia Fracture diagnosis

A

Hx

  • trauma: fall on outstretched hand with pronated forearm, self-defense injury
  • sx of fracture

Pe

  • signs of fracture
  • TRO PIN injury

X-ray

  • AP: lateral displacement
  • lateral: AP displacement, angulation. Radial head, shaft do not point to capitulum
5
Q

Galeazzi Fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: Fracture of distal third of ulnar with DRUJ subluxation/dislocation
  2. Epidemiology: more common than Monteggia fracture
  3. Mechanism of injury:
    - direct blow to wrist
    - fall on outstretched
    hand with pronated/supinated forearm
  4. The closer the fracture to DRUJ, the higher the DRUJ instability

Associated injury

  • ligament injury
  • fracture of styloid process of ulna
6
Q

Galeazzi Fracture diagnosis

A

Hx
- trauma: fall on outstretched hand with pronated forearm or direct blow

Pe

  • signs of fracture
  • ballot the distal end of ulna “piano key sign”
  • TRO ulnar nerve injury
  • radial shortening >5mm (ulnar +)

X-ray

  • AP: widening of DRUJ, radial shortening
  • lateral: AP displacement, angulation
7
Q

Colles Fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: Fracture of distal radius with dorsal displacement
  2. Epidemiology: more common in elderly, post menopause
  3. Mechanism: Fall on outstretched hand
  4. Associated injury
    - median nerve compression carpal tunnel
    - ulnar styloid fracture (triangular fibrocartilage complex injury)
    - EPL injuy
8
Q

Colles Fracture diagnosis

A

Hx
- trauma: fall on outstretched hand

Pe

  • signs of fracture
  • dorsal displacement
  • radial tilt
  • radial shortening (ulnar +)
  • dinner-fork deformity (prominence on the back of the wrist with depression in front)

X-ray

  • distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement
  • extraarticular
  • osteoporotic bone
9
Q

Smith’s Fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: Distal radius fracture with volar displacement
  2. Mechanism of injury: fall on back of the hand
10
Q

Smith’s fracture diagnosis

A

Hx
- trauma: fall on back of the hand

Pe

  • signs of fracture
  • volar displacement
  • radial tilt
  • radial shortening (ulnar +)
  • garden spade deformity (prominence on the volar of the wrist with depression at the back)

X-ray
- distal radius fracture with volar displacement

11
Q

Chauffeur’s Fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: Radial styloid fracture (extending from articular surface laterally)
  2. Mechanism of injury: forced radial deviation of the wrist
  3. Associated injury: trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture
12
Q

Barton’s fracture pathology

A
  1. Definition: intraarticular fracture of distal radius with dislocation of radiocarpal joint
  2. Type:
    - dorsal barton
    - volar barton (more common)
13
Q

Scaphoid fracture pathology

A
  1. Epidemiology:
    - most common carpal bone injury
    - rare in adult and children
  2. Mechanism of injury: fall on outstretched hand
  3. Vascular supply: diminishes proximally (retrograde supply)
    - proximal: 40% non union
    - middle: 20% non union
    - distal: 1% non union
    * major: dorsal carpal branch (radial art)
    * minor: sup. palmar arch (radial art)
14
Q

Scaphoid fracture diagnosis

A

Hx

  • trauma: fall on outstretched hand
  • pain, swelling in snuffbox (dorsum), scaphoid tubercle (volar)

X-Ray
I. AP:
*bean-shaped scaphoid (normal)
- inner circular opacity “cortical ring sign”
- squatted, foreshortened
II. Lateral:
*Radius, capitate, middle metacarpal in straight line
*scaphoid axis at 45 degree to line of radius
- Dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI)
III. Oblique/Scaphoid view
*30 degree wrist extension, 20 degree ulnar deviation

**repeat x-ray at 14-21 weeks if negative, but have high index of suspicion

15
Q

Care of Amputation

A

finger

  • wipe debris away
  • put in plastic
  • wrapped with gauze
  • put in ice-packs

stump

  • wash with normal saline
  • compress with gauze (if proximal use tourniquet)