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Gross II Unit 3 > Gallbladder/Pancreas/Spleen > Flashcards

Gallbladder/Pancreas/Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is the gallbladder?

A

Pear-shaped

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2
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

In a fossa on the visceral surface of the liver

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3
Q

What drains the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the gallbladder?

A

Fundus, body, and neck

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5
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storing bile and concentrating it by absorbing water

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6
Q

When does the gallbladder contract to expel bile into the duodenum?

A

When food arrives into the duodenum

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7
Q

What initiates the contraction of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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8
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery from the right hepatic artery

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the gallbladder?

A

Autonomic and pain fibers from the celiac plexus

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10
Q

What ducts drain the corresponding functional halves of the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

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11
Q

What duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts?

A

Common hepatic duct

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12
Q

What duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct?

A

Bile duct

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13
Q

What is formed by the union of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

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14
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic duct empty into the duodenum?

A

Second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

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15
Q

What action becomes difficult after gallbladder removal?

A

Digestion of fats

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16
Q

What sphincter surrounds the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Sphincter of Ampulla

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17
Q

What sphincter surrounds the inferior terminus of the bile duct?

A

Sphincter of Bile Duct

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18
Q

What sphincter surrounds the terminal part of the pancreatic duct?

A

Sphincter of Pancreatic Duct

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19
Q

What are located within the cystic duct and function to keep it open?

A

Spiral folds (valves)

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20
Q

What is the narrowest part in the biliary passage?

A

Sphincter of Ampulla

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21
Q

What sphincter is known for being particularly weak?

A

Sphincter of Pancreatic Duct

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22
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Hard masses formed by the solidification of bile constituents

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23
Q

What are gallstones mainly composed of?

A

Cholesterol crystals

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24
Q

Where do gallstones most commonly become impacted?

A

Distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of ampulla)

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25
Q

Why do most gallstones most commonly become impacted at the distal end of the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Because it’s the most narrow point in the biliary passage

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26
Q

What results from a gallstone blockage at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Backup of bile through the pancreatic duct and acute pancreatis

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27
Q

What are risk factors for gallstones?

A

Being female, obesity, pregnancy, high fat diet

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28
Q

Upper abdominal diseases involving the liver, gallbladder, or stomach may refer pain to what cord location?

A

Lower thoracic spinal cord segments (T8-T12)

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29
Q

A gallbladder attack most commonly causes pain in what quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Right upper quadrant

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30
Q

Where can pain from gallstones or a gallbladder attack be referred?

A

RIGHT subscapular region of the back (inferior angle)

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31
Q

Right subscapular back pain is found in about what percentage of those with gallbladder issues?

A

30%

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32
Q

The pancreas serves what two types of functions?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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33
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes

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34
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretions of insulin and glucagon

35
Q

What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Projection of the head to the left behind the superior mesenteric vessels

36
Q

The pancreas lies within what regions of the abdomen?

A

Epigastric and left hypochondrium

37
Q

The pancreas lies where in reference to the stomach?

A

Posterior to the stomach

38
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal except the tip of the tail which is in the splenorenal ligament

39
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas lie?

A

Within the C-shaped concavity of the duodenum

40
Q

What vessels pass posterior to the neck and anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

41
Q

What artery runs along the superior surface of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery

42
Q

What vein runs along the posterior surface of the pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

43
Q

What drains the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

44
Q

What duct drains the neck, body, and tail of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic duct

45
Q

What duct drains the head and uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

46
Q

The pancreatic duct joins with what duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Common bile duct

47
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain?

A

Into the minor duodenal papilla located 2cm above the major duodenal papilla

48
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

49
Q

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch from where?

A

Gastroduodenal

50
Q

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch from where?

A

Superior mesenteric

51
Q

What is the innervation of the pancreas?

A

Autonomic and pain fibers from the celiac plexus

52
Q

How does a rupture of the pancreas typically occur?

A

When forceful compression of the abdomen occurs like in an auto accident when the person is thrown against the steering column

53
Q

Explain the hammer/nail phenomenon of a ruptured pancreas in a car accident.

A

Steering column would act as a hammer while the vertebral column acts as a nail.

54
Q

What extra factor in a ruptured pancreas causes a lot of damage to the adjacent tissues?

A

Release of digestive enzymes into the body cavity

55
Q

Pain from the pancreas is referred to what segments?

A

Lower thoracic

56
Q

Pain from the head of the pancreas is referred to what aspect of the vertebral column?

A

Right side

57
Q

Pain from the body and tail of the pancreas is referred to what aspect of the vertebral column?

A

Left side

58
Q

What is the spleen?

A

A large lymphatic organ

59
Q

Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

60
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Produces lymphocytes in a newborn, removes worn out red blood cells and other cellular debris from circulation (adult function), stores red blood cells

61
Q

What does the spleen consist of?

A

Soft, easily injured tissue that is highly vascularized

62
Q

The spleen lies against what structure?

A

Diaphragm

63
Q

The spleen is found in what region of the abdomen?

A

Left hypochondrium

64
Q

The spleen lies against which ribs?

A

9-11

65
Q

The left, convex surface of the spleen that lies against the diaphragm is called what?

A

Diaphragmatic surface

66
Q

The right, concave surface of the spleen that lies against abdominal viscera is called what?

A

Visceral surface

67
Q

What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the stomach above the hilum?

A

Gastric surface

68
Q

What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the left colic flexure?

A

Colic surface

69
Q

What part of the visceral surface of the spleen lies against the left kidney?

A

Renal surface

70
Q

Where is the splenic hilum located and what is its function?

A

Located on the visceral surface and functions to transmit nerves and vessels

71
Q

What ligament attaches the stomach to the spleen?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

72
Q

What ligament attaches the spleen to the left kidney?

A

Splenorenal ligament

73
Q

What is the blood supply to the spleen?

A

Splenic artery and splenic vein

74
Q

From where does the splenic artery arise?

A

Celiac trunk

75
Q

From where does the splenic vein arise?

A

Portal vein

76
Q

What is the innervation of the spleen?

A

Mainly sympathetic form celiac plexus

77
Q

What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?

A

Spleen

78
Q

What area of blows make one particularly vulnerable to a ruptured spleen?

A

Left hypochondrium region

79
Q

What results from a ruptured spleen?

A

Severe hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock

80
Q

What is usually the cause of a ruptured spleen?

A

Trauma

81
Q

In what situations does the spleen become more fragile?

A

Mononucleosis, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, and septicemia (blood poisoning)

82
Q

What is a chiropractic note on a ruptured spleen?

A

We must take care in adjusting someone with mononucleosis or another situation where the spleen is more fragile.

83
Q

What takes over the spleen’s function when it is removed?

A

Kupffer cells of the liver begin to phagocytize old red blood cells

Gross II Unit 3 (8 decks)

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