General Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three germinal layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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2
Q

What are the four parts of mesoderm?

A
  1. Paraxial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Head
  4. Lateral plate
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3
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

Somites (31 pairs)

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4
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm create?

A

Urogenital system and KIDNEYS

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5
Q

What does the head mesoderm create?

A

Skull
Muscles
Connective tissue of the head
Dentine

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6
Q

What arises from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

ADRENAL CORTEX, SPLEEN, blood and lymph cells, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymphatics, serous membranes of pleura and pericardium.

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7
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Gut
Respiratory tract
“Tubular structures”

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8
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to?

A

Surface ectoderm

Neuroectoderm

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9
Q

What does the surface ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis, enamel, hair, nails

ANTERIOR PITUITARY
LENS OF EYE

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10
Q

What makes up the neuroectoderm?

A

Neural tube

Neural crest

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11
Q

What are the structures derived from the neural tube?

A

CNS
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
RETINA OF EYE
pineal body

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12
Q

Which structures are derived from neural crest cells?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)
ANS
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
Adrenal Medulla

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13
Q

What are the embryological stages of development?

A

Mesodermal -> Chondrification -> Ossification

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14
Q

What makes up the major two parts of mesodermal embryological development?

A
  1. Notochord persists as nucleus pulposus

2. 31 pairs of mesodermal somites from paraxial mesoderm

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15
Q

What are the types of paraxial mesoderm?

A

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome

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16
Q

What is sclerotome?

A

The membranous vertebral column formed during paraxial mesodermal embryological development.

17
Q

What is myotome, and what are the myotomes?

A

Myotome = Muscle

  1. Somatic
  2. Splanchnic
  3. EPIMERE
  4. HYPOMERE
18
Q

What does somatic myotome become?

A

Skeletal muscle

19
Q

What does splanchnic myotome become?

A

“Visceral” smooth muscle

20
Q

What is derived from the EPIMERE myotome?

A

Dorsal, Posterior muscles, Extensors

21
Q

What does the HYPOMERE myotome become?

A

Ventral, anterior muscles, flexors

22
Q

What is chondrification?

A

Mesoderm being replaced by cartilage.

23
Q

What is ossification?

A

Cartilage being replaced by bone.

24
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Primary ossification = before birth

Secondary ossification = after birth

25
Q

What happens during intramembranous/intramedullary ossification?

A

Mesenchymal tissue turns into bone

The clavicle and all flat bones of the skull are formed (e.g. parietal).

26
Q

What happens during endochondral ossification?

A

Preformed in cartilage

Ossification for all other bones

27
Q

What type of ossification leads to the creation of the scapula?

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral