the abdomen can be split into 9 regions by using the right and left midclavicular lines as well as two other transverse lines. name these two other transverse planes that complete the 9 regions of the abdomen
transtubercular
transpyloric
Name the 9 regions of the abdomen
right and left hypochondriac right and left iliac fossa right and left lumbar epigastric umbilical suprapubic (hypogastric)
the antero-lateral abdominal wall is composed of 3 flat muscles and 2 vertical muscles. the vertical muscles are the two recti abdomini (it is a paired muscle). name the other 3 flat muscles that make up the wall
the transversus abdominis
the internal oblique
external oblique
what is the function of the internal and external oblique muscles and also what is their innervation of these muscles
the external oblique is used for flexion and rotation
they are innervated by T7-L1
name a function of the innermost oblique muscle?
it will assist in respiration as well as the SCM and scalene muscles. the rectus abdominis is a muscle of expiration
all oblique muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of T7-L1. true or false?
false.
all oblique muscles are innervated by the VENTRAL rami of the spinal nerves T7-L1
what is the function of the rectus abdominis when both muscles flex simultaneously?
flexion of the trunk
what spinal segments will the rectus abdominis flex when acting unilaterally?
the lumbar spine. when acting bilaterally the rectus abdominis will flex the thoracic spine.
how are are the rectus abdominis muscles innervated?
the ventral rami from spinal nerves T7-L1 will pierce the rectus sheath to innervate the rectus abdominis muscles.
what is the rectus sheath composed of?
the rectus sheath is the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis s well as the internal and external oblique muscles.
what does the rectus sheath contain?
the rectus abdominis
below the arcuate line the, the aponeurosis of all 3 flat abdominal wall muscles will pass behind the rectus. true or false?
false. they will all pass in front of the rectus beneath the arcuate line.
above the arcuate line, which flat muscle lining the wall of the abdomen will split into 2 lamellae?
the internal oblique muscle. the aponeurosis of the anterior half of the internal oblique as well as the external oblique will pass in front of the rectus (anterior lamellae). the other lamellae of the internal oblique will go behind the rectus abdominis and blends into the aponeurosis of the transversus as well as the posterior half of the internal oblique. all of these aponeurosis will reform at the linea alba
at what spinal level is the a/ umbilicus and what dermatomal level will it be innervated by?
b/ sternal notch
c/ nipples
a/ T10
b/ T2
c/ T4
what are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?
anterior superior iliac spine
pubic tubercule
the anterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique; the posterior wall is formed by the trasnversalis fascia. what are the roof and floor formed by?
roof of inguinal canal is the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis
the floor is formed by the inguinal ligament
the deep inguinal ring will lie more superiorly than the superficial inguinal ring. true or false?
true
what is the anatomical positional relationship between the deep inguinal ring and the inferior epigastric vessels?
the deep inguinal ring will lie lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. it may be worth knowing also that the superficial inguinal ring lies superolateral to the pubic tubercle.
from which artery does the inferior epigastric artery arise?
the external iliac artery
the superior epigastric artery is a branch of the external thoracic artery (ETA), true or false?
false.
the superior epigastric artery is branch of the internal thoracic artery (ITA). it will anastomose with the inferior epigastric artery.
what are the components of the inguinal canal in females? how does this differ to males?
round ligament
ilioinguinal nerve
instead of a round ligament, males will have a spermatocord.
what are the 4 main layers of the alimentary tract?
- mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae (interna)
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- adventitia/serosa
how many layers does the mucosal layer and also the muscularis layer of the GI tract have?
MUCOSA - 3 (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis interna
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA - 2 (circular and longitudinal)