what is the primary bile of the liver?
hepatic bile
what is the concentrated bile from the gallbladder?
cystic bile
bile release is controlled by?
CCK and the vagus nerve
what is the surface epithelium of the gall bladder?
simple columnar
what are the 2 cell types of the gall bladder?
clear cells
brush cells
what is another name for clear cells?
cholangiocytes
what is the fx of clear cells/cholangiocytes?
have many microvilli; concentrate bile by absorbing water
what do brush cells do?
produce mucinogen; lubricating function
what is the lamina propria of the gall bladder made of?
loose and very vascular CT
what is the function of the LP of the gall bladder?
lubricate narrow neck lumen
what does the neck of the GB often possess?
small mucous glands
what major luminal wall layer is absent in the GB?
submucosa
does the ME of the GB have a normal pattern?
no- thin smooth muscle layer with disorganized muscle arrangement
is the covering of the GB serosa or adventitia?
mostly serosa but some adventitia where it attaches to liver
what is the pancreas surrounded by?
thin CT capsule
what does the septa of the pancreas diving into the organ create?
lobules
which type of bile works best with the small intestine?
cystic bile
which major secretory portion of the pancreas is the largest?
exocrine- enzyme producing
which pancreatic cells help to buffer chyme?
centroacinar and cuboid cells in pancreatic intercalated ducts
are the islet of langerhans producing hormones endocrine or exocrine?
endocrine pancreas- pancreatic islets
is the serous acini producing digestive enzymes endocrine or exocrine pancreas?
exocrine pancreas
what is the largest portion of the pancreas?
exocrine portion
the serous(pancreatic) acini secretion is controlled by?
CCK and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves
pancreatic duct secretion is controlled by?
secretin and acetylcholine from PARAsympathetic nerves
where are the centroacinar cells located?
next to acinar cells
what wraps around pancreatic ducts?
collagen rich CT
what is the fx of the collagen rich CT wrapped around the pancreatic ducts?
provide extra protection from possible leakage of digestive enzymes
what is the largest gland in the body with endocrine and exocrine functions?
liver
what are the 5 general functions of the liver?
- metabolism of lipids, carbs and proteins
- production of blood proteins, factors and non-essential vitamins
- detoxify blood
- produce hepatic bile
- store certain vitamins
is producing hepatic bile an exocrine or endocrine function?
exocrine
what shape are the classic liver lobules?
hexagonal
what are the microvilliated cuboidal cells possessing lateral bile canaliculi?
hepatocytes
how does the bile flow through the liver lobule?
from hepatocytes toward bile duct bronchi in the portal triad
what do the bile canaliculi do?
collect bile
what is the arrangement of hepatocytes?
in rows btw hepatic sinusoids like spokes of a wheel
what is another name for Kupffer cells?
stellate macrophages
what cells are responsible for phagocytosis of debris and aged RBCs and act as an APC (antigen presenting cell)?
kupffer cells
what is another name for ito cells?
hepatic stellate cells
which cells store lipids for immediate use and store vitamin A as well as produce collagen and growth factors?
Ito cells/ hepatic stellate cells
which cells are the natural killer cells of the liver?
pit cells
which liver cells are responsible for regenerative capabilities?
hepatic progenitor cells
what are the 5 cells of interest of the liver?
hepatocytes kupffer cells ito cells pit cells hepatic progenitor cells
what does the portal triad include branches of?
hepatic artery- smallest
portal vein- largest
bile duct- dark stain
what dilated, fenestrated thin walled vessels found between rows of hepatocytes?
hepatic sinusoids
what percentage of venous and arterial blood do hepatic sinusoids carry?
venous- 75%
arterial- 25%
what is the fenestrated thin walled vessel that collects blood from hepatic sinusoids?
central vein
blood flows from ______ toward the ________
portal triad; central vein
what is another name for space of disse?
perisinusoidal space
what is the space between the hepatocytes and fenestrated hepatic sinusoids where blood can directly contact the microvilliated surfaces of the hepatocytes?
space of disse/ perisinusoidal space
why can the liver take over for the spleen for up to 24-48 hours?
the perisinusoidal space slows flow enough so cells can interact with blood and its contents
what is glissons capsule made of and covered by?
made of dense irregular CT and covered with serosa
which cells produce an alkaline fluid with bicarbonate ions that is released into the duodenum to buffer chyme?
centroacinar cells along with cuboid cells in intercalated pancreatic ducts
which GB cells concentrate bile?
clear cells/ cholangiocytes
which DNES product will stimulate the ME of GB to contract?
CCK