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Neuroanatomy > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

<p>

| Cerebellum</p>

A

<p>
It lies within the posterior fossa, straddles the brain stem and forms the roof of the fourth ventricle. The cerebellum coordinates motor activity. Disease of the cerebellum causes cerebellar ataxia. </p>

<p>
Deals with muscle coordination and balance involved in actions such as writing and walking</p>

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2
Q

<p>

| Brain Stem</p>

A

<p>
The <a>medulla</a>, <a>pons</a>, <a>midbrain</a>. taken together are called the brain stem.</p>

<p>
Caudal portion of the <a>brain stem</a> also called the medulla oblongata. Continuous with the spinal cord- Controls vital functions like respiration and heart rate.</p>

<p>
Pons: Just above the medulla- serves as part of a relay between the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum</p>

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3
Q

<p>

| Cerebral Hemispheres</p>

A

<p>
Separated by the longitudinal fissure</p>

<p>
Other prominant grooves separate the hemispheres into lobes</p>

<p>
Central sulcus: runs from the top of the hemisphere downward about midway between the front and rear poles of the hemisphere</p>

<p>
Lateral fissure: runs backward and slightly upward between the temporal and parietal lobes</p>

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4
Q

<p>

| Frontal Lobe</p>

A

<p>
Part of the hemisphere infront of the central sulcus</p>

<p>
- 1/3 of the hemisphere surface</p>

<p>
- Concerned with planning ahead, prediction, and programming for an individual&#39;s needs</p>

<p>
- Lower portion, primarily on the left side, is specialized for speech articulation</p>

<p>
- A thin strip (motor area) just infront of the Central Sulcus specifically controls descrete body movements- INJURY TO THIS AREA CAN CAUSE PARALYSIS OF THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY</p>

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5
Q

<p>

| Temporal Lobe</p>

A

<p>
Below the Lateral Fissure</p>

<p>
- Uppermost part is concerned with the sense of hearing. Damage to this part results in impaired hearing or deafness</p>

<p>
- Inner surface plays a role in memory processing</p>

<p>
- Remainder area may be involved with integration of multiple sensory functions such as auditory, visual and touch</p>

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6
Q

<p>

| Parietal Lobe</p>

A

<p>
- Located behind the central sulcus </p>

<p>
<strong>Primary Sensory Area:</strong> Nerve impulses related to pain, temperature, touch and pressure enter the portion of the parietal lobe just behind the central sulcus</p>

<p>
Lower region associated with reading</p>

<p>
Stimulation of part of this lobe can lead to gustatory (taste) sensations</p>

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7
Q

<p>

| Occipital Lobe</p>

A

<p>
Behind the Parietal and Temporal Lobe</p>

<p>
- Visual information is processed</p>

<p>
- Damage results in partial or complete blindness</p>

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8
Q

<p>

| Pons</p>

A

<p>
Just above the medulla in the hindbrain</p>

<p>
- serves as a relay between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum</p>

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9
Q

<p>

| Medulla</p>

A

<p>
Lowest part of the hindbrain and is continuous with the spinal cord</p>

<p>
- controls vital functions such as respiration and heart rate</p>

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10
Q

<p>

| Limbic Lobe</p>

A

<p>
- Collar-like arranged around the junction of the cerebral hemisphere with the brain stem</p>

<p>
- involved with sexual and emotional aspects of behaviour and with the processing of memory</p>

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11
Q

<p>

| Basal Ganglia</p>

A

<p>
- located beneath the surface of the hemisphere</p>

<p>
- great masses of fibers conducting impulses in all directions and large groups of cells forming discrete cell bodies at the base of each hemisphere- these are basil ganglia</p>

<p>
- Major role: seems to be the programming and execution of movement (motor activity)</p>

<p>
Diseases of the basal ganglia are manifested by tremors and uncontrolled movements</p>

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12
Q

<p>

| Thalamus</p>

A

<p>
- Located in the uppermost part of the brain stem, tucked into the hemispheres</p>

<p>
- Sensory gateway to the cerebral hemispheres</p>

<p>
- The pathway for all senses except smell stop in the thalamus before preceeding into the hemispheres</p>

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13
Q

<p>

| Hypothalamus</p>

A

<p>
- controls the visceral nervous system which stimulates contraction of muscle fibers and glandular secretions of internal organs- regulates appetite, thirst, and temperature and controls hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland and many endocrine glands</p>

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14
Q

<p>

| Midbrain</p>

A

<p>
middle portion of the brain stem and controls automatic reflex patterns associated with the visual and auditory systems</p>

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15
Q

<p>

| PNS</p>

A

<p>
-consists of cranial and spinal nerves</p>

<p>
- Of the 12 paired cranial nerves, all but the first arises from the brain stem</p>

<p>
- Cranial nerves largely concerned with the head</p>

<p>
- 31 paired spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord- consist of nerve cell processes conducting sensory-related impulses and or processes confucting movement-related impulses</p>

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16
Q

<p>

| Neuron</p>

A

<p>
- Consists of a cell body (soma) and branches</p>

<p>
- AKA Nerve cell</p>

<p>
Basic information processing unit of the nervous system</p>

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17
Q

<p>

| Dendrite</p>

A

<p>
spread out from the cell body and greatly increase the surface area of the neuron making more space available for contacts from other neurons</p>

<p>
- collect incoming sensory (afferent) information from other neurons or sensory receptors</p>

<p>
- receive info directly on their cell surface or on dendritic spines</p>

<p>
- dendritic spines are especially capable of growth and reshaping and disappearing- thought to be the most plastic entity of the entire neuron</p>

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18
Q

<p>

| Axon</p>

A

<p>
impulses are conducted away from the neuronal cell body by the axon</p>

<p>
- emerges from the cell body as the axon hillock</p>

<p>
- course of the axon depends upon the parent cell and the target to be reached</p>

<p>
- covered by shwann cells in the PNS and oligodenrocytes in the CNS</p>

<p>
- Can develop side branches called axon collaterals which help to bring information to several parts of the nervous system</p>

<p>
- when target is reached, the axon and collaterals end in terminal branches</p>

<p>
- The synaptic terminal transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to the next</p>

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19
Q

<p>

| Cervical Spinal Cord</p>

A

<p>
- Consists of 8 segments</p>

<p>
- Characterized by an enlargement or swelling from C4 to T1 that reflext the large amount of neurons and fibers associated with the upper limb</p>

<p>
- bulging anterior horns, indicative of the large number of anterior horn motor neurons dedicated to the upper limbs</p>

<p>
- White matter is extensive- includes all the fibers ascending to the brain as well as all the axons descending from the brain</p>

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20
Q

<p>

| Thoracic Spinal Cord</p>

A 
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- 12</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- thinner than the cervical portion</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- contains less gray matter due to the less innervation density or the thoracic and abdominal walls and mid back</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- thin posterior and anterior horns- has lateral horns from T1- L3</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- White matter still extensive</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	 </p>
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21
Q

<p>

| Lumbar</p>

A

<p>
- massive number of neurons involved in the lower limb reflected in the lumbar enlargement and the enlarged anterior and posterior horns</p>

<p>
- Less white matter- commited only to the lower limbs and pelvis</p>

<p>
- 5 segments</p>

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22
Q

<p>

| Sacral</p>

A 
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- posterior horns are large due to the great influx of sensory fibers from the genitals and pelvis</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- small amount of white matter</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	- consists of 5 segments</p>
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23
Q

<p>

| Coccygeal</p>

A

<p>

| - one segment- concerned only with the area surrounding the coccyx</p>

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24
Q

<p>

| White matter of the spinal cord</p>

A

<p>
- Primarily Axons- white colour is due to myelin</p>

<p>
- divided into 3 large divisions or funiculi (post. lat. ant.)</p>

<p>
- these are further divided into smaller functional units called fasciculi</p>

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25
Q

<p>

| Gray Matter</p>

A

<p>
- Posterior (dorsal) and Anterior (ventral) Horns</p>

<p>
- These are further subdivided into layers or laminae</p>

<p>
- CNS mainly consisting of cell bodies</p>

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26
Q

<p>

| Reflex</p>

A

<p>
- a programmed unit of behaviour in which a certain stimulus from a receptor automatically leads to the response of an effector </p>

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27
Q

<p>

| Myotatic Stretch Reflex</p>

A

<p>
- depends on just 2 neurons and 1 synapse</p>

<p>
- Sharp tap of the physician&#39;s hammar (stimulus) on the tendon of the quad muscle as it crosses the knee joint causes as brief stretch in the tendon and muscle belly where the neurotendinous organ and muscle spindle are stimulated</p>

<p>
- impulses reach the spinal cord over large peripheral and central processes of the afferent neurons</p>

<p>
- some impulses may head up the spinal cord via ascending branches, the majority reach the synapses with ipsilateral efferent (motor) neurons of the anterior horn</p>

<p>
- impulses are conducted along the axons of these efferent neurons to the neuromuscular junctions, exciting the effectors</p>

<p>
- Large number of reflex shortening responses built into extensor muscles</p>

<p>
- Extensors are principally antigravity muscles keeping is upright</p>

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28
Q

<p>

| Flexor Withdrawal/Crossed extensor thrust Reflex</p>

A

<p>
Polysynaptic reflex</p>

<p>
- stimulus is applied to one leg causes its (flexor) withdrawal, while the other leg extends (extensor thrust) to stabilize the body</p>

<p>
- Afferent neurons convey impulses from the site of the impulse to an array of interneurons in the gray laminae </p>

<p>
- a facilitatory interneuron synapses with both the efferent neurons and an inhibitory interneuron</p>

<p>
- The inhibitory interneuron generates an inhibitatory neurotransmitter at the synapse with the efferent neuron to the extensor muscle, resulting in inactivation</p>

<p>
- On the other side, a facilitatory interneuron receives a stimulus from a branch of the afferent neuron, synapses with another inhibitatory interneuron and an efferent neuron- in this case the efferent neuron stimulates the contraction of the extensor muscle and the inhibitatory interneuron inactivates the flexor muscles, resulting in extension of the knee joint</p>

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29
Q 
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Ascending Pathways:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Posterior Column</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	 </p>
A

<p>
- Fasciculi Gracilis, cuneatus and medial lemnisci</p>

<p>
- Convey impulses concerned with well-localized touch and with sense of movement and position (kinesthesis)</p>

<p>
- Lesions of this system abolish or diminish tactile sensation and sense of movement and position</p>

<p>
- Receptors are in joint capsules, muscles and skin</p>

<p>
- Fibers entering from the lumbosacral region enter the lowest part of the posterior columns and occupy the medial portions- these become the fasciculi gracilis</p>

<p>
- Fibers enters from higher enter the later portions of the posterior columns and become the fasciculi cuneatus</p>

<p>
- Both fibers ascend to the medulla oblongata- synapse with secondary neurons</p>

<p>
- Ascend in the brain stem as the Medial Lemniscus</p>

<p>
- Terminate in the thalamus then synapse with 3rd order neurons</p>

<p>
- Reach the post central gyrus where many body sensations are processed- fibers bringing sensations from lower body project to superior aspects causing an inverted represenations</p>

30
Q

<p>

| Internal Capsule</p>

A

<p>
A large band of <a>white matter</a> providing a thoroughfare for axons entering and leaving the cerebral cortex; separating the <a>basal ganglia</a>(laterally) from the <a>thalamus</a> (medially); divided into three portions: the genu, anterior and posterior limbs.</p>

31
Q

<p>
</p>

<h2>
Post Central Gyrus</h2>

A

<p>
Postcentral Gyrus</p>

<p>
Parietal cortex behind the central sulcus often referred to as primary sensory cortex. Neurons within this region represent distinct somatosensory modalities relayed from the thalamus.</p>

32
Q

<p>

| Precentral Gyrus</p>

A

<p>
</p>

<h2>
Precentral Gyrus</h2>

<p>
Also known as motor cortex. Posterior portion of the <a>frontal lobe</a> lies immediately in front of the<a>central sulcus</a>. Organized in a <a>somatotopic</a>fashion with <a>upper motor neurons</a> of the leg near the midline and the face near the <a>lateral fissure</a>; not the only source of descending corticospinal and corticobulbar motor axons.</p>

33
Q 
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Ascending pathways:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	 </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Lateral spinothalamic tract</p>
A

<p>
Carriers sensations of pain and temperature from receptors throughout the body (except the face)</p>

<p>
- Pain and temperature are modified by our emotional state and our cultural surroundings</p>

<p>
- different organs exhibit different degrees of pain</p>

<p>
- Principle receptors: free nerve endings</p>

<p>
- impulses conducted to cell bodies in the primary neurons in the spinal ganglia</p>

<p>
- Short central processes enter Lissauer&#39;s fasciculus and ascend at least one segment then enter the posterior horn and synapse with 2nd neurons</p>

<p>
- These axons ascend as the spinothalamic tract in the anterior part of the lateral faniculus</p>

<p>
- Lower fibers are lateral and higher fibers are medial- IMPORTANT FOR SURGEONS FOR PAIN CONTROL</p>

<p>
- Well localized pain is expressed through direct spinothalamic fibers</p>

<p>
- Deeper, duller, aching, poorling localized pain is conducted via the slower ascending fibers in the reticular formation</p>

<p>
- Axons terminate in the thalamus</p>

<p>
- Pain impulses ascending through the reticular formation reach the thalamus as well</p>

<p>
-Axons project to the post-central gyrus</p>

34
Q

<p>
Ascending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Anterior Spinothalamic tract</p>

A

<p>
- Conducts impulses related to sensations of light, poorly localized touch</p>

<p>
- Light touch sensations originate in hairless areas of the skin</p>

<p>
ex. a wisp of cotton across the palm or caressing the soft fur of an animal</p>

<p>
- bilateral destruction results in little to no impairment and there is often a reduction in itching, tickling and sexual sensations</p>

<p>
- joins with the lateral spinothalamic tract in the medulla and then branches to the reticular formation- only 1/3 of fibers reach the thalamus</p>

<p>
- older, larger more diffused receptors with less precised qualities of tactile sensation</p>

35
Q

<p>

| Anterior and Posterior Horns</p>

A

<p>
The <b>anterior horn of the spinal cord</b> (also called the <b>anterior cornu</b>,<b>anterior column</b> or <b>ventral horn</b>) is the <a>ventral</a> (front) <a>grey matter</a>section of the <a>spinal cord</a>. The anterior horn contains <a>motor neurons</a>that affect the axial <a>muscles</a> while the <a>posterior horn</a> receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the <a>cell</a> <a>bodies</a> of alpha motor neurons are located.</p>

36
Q

<p>
Ascending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Posterior Spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts</p>

A

<p>
- Spinocerebellar tracts conduct impulses related to position and movement of muscles to the cerebellum</p>

<p>
- enables the cerebellum to add smoothness and precision to patterns of movement initiated in the cerebral hemispheres</p>

<p>
- Impulses never reach the cerebrum directly- have no conscious representation</p>

<p>
4 Tracts in the spinocerebellum pathway:</p>

<p>
Posterior spinocerebellar tract: Conveys muscle spindle or tendon organ related impulses from the lower half of the body to the cerebellum</p>

<p>
Cuneocerebellar tract: concerned with impulses above C8</p>

<p>
Info carried by these tracts is fine, often involving single muscle cells or portions of a muscle-tendon complex</p>

<p>
ex. may conduct postural info about a part of a muscle</p>

<p>
A broader rep. is carried by the ind. fibers of the anterior and rostral spinocerebellar tracts</p>

37
Q

<p>
Ascending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Anterior and Rostral Spinocerebellar Tracts</p>

A

<p>
- Conduct impulses related to the position and movment of tendon organs and muscle spindles</p>

<p>
- This info represents an integration of input from much broader spectrum</p>

<p>
ex. May convey postural info regarding an entire limb</p>

<p>
Anterior is concerned with the lower limbs</p>

<p>
Rostral spinocerebellar tract is the upper limb equivalent of the anterior tract</p>

38
Q

<p>
Descending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Corticospinal tract</p>

A

<p>
- The Major corically derived descending pathway affecting the motor neurons and sensory interneurons of the spinal cord</p>

<p>
- Deals with voluntary control of upper limbs (manipulation of objects) and lower limbs (locomotion)</p>

<p>
- modifies sensory impulses to regulated ascending info</p>

<p>
- 1 million neurons of each side of the cerebral cortex</p>

<p>

- convey skilled, voluntary motor impulses to the anterior horn motor neurons- such as precise movement of fingers and toes
- Axons projecting to the anterior horn (upper motor neurons)- neurons arise in th cortex or subcortical nuclei and descend to the lower motor neurons in the anterior horn without synapsing</p>

<p>
-Primary motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe</p>

<p>
-Large, rapidly conducting axons are derived from the giant pyramidal cells called Betz located in the primary motor cortex- there actions briefly inhibit the antigravity tone of extensor muscles</p>

<p>
- as the axon descends, it becomes narrow to become the internal capsule which makes these axons especially vulnerable to hemmorhage or thrombosis</p>

<p>
- 1/2 the corticospinal neurons terminate on the interneurons in the base of the posterior horn modifying sensory input</p>

<p>
- the remainder terminate on the anterior horn motor neurons and on adjacent interneurons- terminate in the intermuscular junction</p>

<p>
</p>

39
Q

<p>
Descending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Tectospinal and Rubrospinal Tract</p>

A

<p>
- The anterior Horn cell is continuously influenced by impulses from long descending tracts</p>

<p>
- Originate from the brainstem</p>

<p>
- Tectospinal tract arises in the tectum of the midbrain</p>

<p>
- Rubrospinal tract arises in the red nucleus of the same region</p>

<p>
The midbrain or <b>mesencephalon</b> is a portion of the <a>central nervous system</a> associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (<a>alertness</a>), and temperature regulation.<a><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></p>

<p>
Tectospinal Tract:</p>

<p>
- Starts in the superior colliculus of the midbrain- an important center for visual following and eye-centering reflexes</p>

<p>
- synapse with anterior horn motor neurons</p>

<p>
- Axons terminate at neuromuscular junctions and muscles spindles of the effectors</p>

<p>
This tract probably blends the interaction between visual and auditory stimuli with posteral reflex movements</p>

<p>
</p>

<p>
Rubrospinal Tract</p>

<p>
Axons arise from the red nucleus of the midbrain</p>

<p>
- Descend as far as the thoracic level of the spinal cord</p>

<p>
- Terminal fibers end on interneurons in the anterior horn and do not terminate directly onto the large motor neurons</p>

<p>
-Interneurons project to motor neurons which terminate on neuromuscular junctions and muscle spindles</p>

<p>
- **Thought to serve as an alternate pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord because the red nucleus receives fibers from the descending corticopsinal tract</p>

<p>
***very important function is to control the tone of flexor muscle groups in the limbs***- it is regulated by sensory impulses by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex</p>

<p>
Ex. Spinocerebellar tract conveys info on posture and muscle movement to the cerebellum which modifies the activities of the red nucleus</p>

40
Q

<p>
Descending Pathways:</p>

<p>
Reticulospinal Tracts</p>

A

<p>
Originates from cells at several levels in the brain stem reticular core</p>

<p>
- Modifies motor and sensory functions</p>

<p>
2 Tracks:</p>

<p>
1. Pontine reticulospinal tract</p>

<p>
2. Medullary reticulospinal tract</p>

<p>
Reticular formation of the brain stem can inhibit or facilitate motor activity and muscle tone, influence the respiratory and circulatory systems and affect the transmission of sensory impulses to higher centers</p>

<p>
- The medullary reticulospinal tract appears to inhibit motor activity, depression of cardiovascular (pulse and BP) responses, and stimulation of the inspiration phase of respiration</p>

<p>
- Functions of the Pontine reticulospinal tract are less clear but include the faciliation of motor activity and cardiovascular responses</p>

41
Q

<p>
</p>

<p>
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex</p>

A

<p>
Receives input from <a>VPL</a> / <a>VPM</a> and <a>primary somatosensory cortex</a> (<a>postcentral gyrus</a>). Occupies most of the <a>parietal operculum</a> and much is buried in the lateral sulcus.</p>

<p>
VPL is the principal somatosensory <a>relay nucleus of the thalamus</a>. Neurons in this nucleus receive second order axons from the<a>anterolateral system</a> and the <a>medial lemniscus</a>. VPL contains the cell bodies of tertiary sensory neurons, which project via the <a>internal capsule</a>to the <a>primary somatosensory cortex</a> (SI)). Only the body is represented here. The face is in the adjacent <a>VPM</a> .</p>

<p>
One of the ventral tier nuclei which relays somatosensory information for the face region to the <a>postcentral gyrus</a> (somatosensory cortex). This nucleus receives input from the <a>dorsal trigeminothalamic tract</a> and <a>ventral trigeminothalamic tract</a>. Other neurons in the vicinity relay vestibular sensation and taste.</p>

<p>
</p>

42
Q

<p>

| Primary Somatosensory Cortex</p>

A

<p>
(= <a>postcentral gyrus</a>). Located in the <a>parietal lobe</a>and organized in a <a>somatotopic</a> pattern this area of <a>cortex</a> receives input from ventral posterolateral thalamus and medial thalamic nuclei (<a>VPL</a> &amp; <a>VPM</a>). It has connection with secondary sensory cortex and somatosensory association areas (area 5 and 7).</p>

43
Q

<p>

| Pyramid</p>

A

<p>
Band of axons on the ventral surface of the<u><a>medulla</a></u>. These axons are <u><a>corticospinal tract</a></u>fibers. Most of the axons will cross (<a>pyramidal decussation</a>) in the caudal medulla.</p>

44
Q

<p>

| Pyramidal Decussation</p>

A

<p>
Crossing of the <a>corticospinal tract</a> fibers at the level of the <a>spinal cord</a> and <a>medulla</a>. Approximately 80% of the axons cross to form the lateral corticospinal tract; 20% continue in the ventral <a>white matter</a> on the same side in the spinal cord. The uncrossed fibers cross in the cord before terminating in the <a>ventral horn</a>.</p>

45
Q

<p>

| Primary Motor Cortex</p>

A

<p>
The main cortical area containing the cell bodies of <a>upper motor neurons</a>. It is contained within the precentral gyrus (purple) and the anterior part of the adjacent <a>paracentral lobule</a>.</p>

<p>
Frontal lobe</p>

46
Q

<p>

| Premotor cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, Primary Somatosensory Cortex</p>

A

<p>
<img></img></p>

47
Q 
<p style="text-align: center;">
	Brodmann's Areas:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	4, 6, 8, 44</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	9, 10, 11, 46</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	1, 2, 3</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	17, 18, 19</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	41, 42</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
	22</p>
A

<p>
4:</p>

<p>
-corresponding to the precentral gyrus</p>

<p>
- the primary source for the origin of discrete voluntary movements</p>

<p>
- The muscles of the body are represented on the surface of area 4 in great detail (motor homunculus)</p>

<p>
6:</p>

<p>
-the Premotor Cortex</p>

<p>
-Stimulation of this area organizes the individual motor responses characteristic of area 4 into larger entities, creating more generalized movements</p>

<p>
8:</p>

<p>
-Controls voluntary conjugate (bilateral) eye movements</p>

<p>
44:</p>

<p>
- 44, 45, and 47 correspond to the opercular and triangular gyri, respectively</p>

<p>
- constitute the motor speech area in the left hemisphere in the majority of people</p>

<p>
9, 10, 11, 46</p>

<p>
- constitute most of the prefrontal cortex rostral to the premotor area</p>

<p>
- have no obvious role in motor activity but are concerned with more complex functions such as foresight and judgement</p>

<p>
1,2,3</p>

<p>
- correspond to the postcentral gyrus and constitute the primary sensory area receiving general sensations from the body</p>

<p>
-The sensory areas of the body are represented in areas 1,2, 3 in great detail</p>

<p>
- The Secondary Somatic Sensory Area is seen at the base of the post central gyrus and seems to be involved in emotionally meaningful sensations, such as pain</p>

<p>
</p>

<p>
17, 18, 19</p>

<p>
- The primary visual area (AKA the striate cortex)</p>

<p>
- located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe</p>

<p>
- extends laterally over the occipital pole, where precise daylight vision is represented</p>

<p>
- The visual image, retinally dissected for transmission to the brain, begins to be reassembled in the area 17, a process that is continued in adjacent association areas (18 and 19) and in the inferior temporal cortex</p>

<p>
41, 42</p>

<p>
- Areas 41 and 42 are the primary auditory areas</p>

<p>
22</p>

<p>
- The posterior portion of area 22, called Wernicke's Area, is associated with the interpretation of language; if this area is damaged, a person cannot understand the meaning of spoken words</p>

<p>
</p>

<p>
</p>

48
Q

<p>
</p>

<h2>
Caudate Nucleus</h2>

A

<p>
(= having a tail) A C-shaped nucleus of the basal ganglia forming the inferolateral wall of the frontal horn and body of the lateral ventricle. Laterally it is bounded by the internal capsule. The large head is adjacent to the frontal horn, while the tail is adjacent to the temporal horn. The main efferent connections are to the <a>globus pallidus</a> and the <a>substantia nigra</a> pars reticulata. The principle afferents are from the cerebral cortex and substantia nigra. Structurally and functionally it is similar to the<a>putamen</a>. Also see <a>striatum</a>.</p>

49
Q

<p>
</p>

<h2>
Internal Capsule</h2>

A

<p>
A large band of <a>white matter</a> providing a thoroughfare for axons entering and leaving the cerebral cortex; separating the <a>basal ganglia</a>(laterally) from the <a>thalamus</a> (medially); divided into three portions: the genu, anterior and posterior limbs.</p>

50
Q

Olfactory Cranial Nerve

A
  • One of two nerve types of the CNS: Types of axons: special sensory
    Function: Sensation of smell
    Location: Within the forebrain. The 12 nerves here start anteriorly and move posteriorly
51
Q

Optic cranial nerve

A

-One of 2 nerve types of the CNS
- Axons are special sensory
Function: Sensation of vision

52
Q

Oculomotor Cranial Nerve

A

All further nerves are in the PNS
Types of axons: somatic and visceral
Function:movement of the eye and eyelid (somatic); parasympatheric control of pupil size (visceral)

53
Q

Trochlear Cranial nerve

A

Types of axons: somatic motor

Function: Movement of the eye

54
Q

Trigeminal Cranial Nerve

A

Types of axons: somatic sensory and somatic motor
Function:
sensation of touch to the face
Mastification (chewing)

55
Q

Abducens Cranial Nerve

A

Type of axons: somatic motor

Function: movement of the eye

56
Q

Facial Cranial Nerve

A

Type of Axons: somatic sensory and special sensory

Function: Movement of the muscles of facial expression; sensation of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

57
Q

Vestibular cochlear cranial nerve

A

“also known as auditory- vestibular
- Types of axons- special sensory
Function: sensation of hearing and balance

58
Q

Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

A

Type of axons: somatic motor, visceral motor, special sensory, visceral sensory
Function:
Movement of the muscles in the throat; parasympathetic control of the salivary glands; sensation of taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue; detection of blood pressure changes in the aorta

59
Q

Vagus Cranial Nerve

A

Type of Axons: visceral motor, visceral sensory; somatic motor
Function:
Parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs and abdominal organs; sensations of pain associated with viscera; movement of the muscles in the throat

60
Q

Accessory Cranial Nerve

A

Also known as spinal accessory
Types of axons: somatic motor
Function: Movement of muscles in the throat and neck

61
Q

Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve

A

Somatic motor axons

movement of the tongue

62
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Description:
part of the cerebellar peduncle, which encompass the vast majority of the axons entering and leaving the brain
Function: Consists of 4+ afferent tracts and 1 efferent tract
-Conduct proprioceptive information from the spinal cord to the anterior lobe
Location: cerebellum

63
Q

Middle Cerebellar peduncle

A

The largest of the 3
Function:
Carries only afferent fibers. Introduces information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and is concerned with skilled activities of the extremities such as hands and fingers

64
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

The 3rd peduncle of the cerebellum
Carries fibers to the anterior lobe from the spinal cord- mostly efferent fibers

  • carries fibers from the anterior spinocerebellar tract to the anterior lobe from the spinal cord
65
Q

Cerebellar Hemisphere

A

The two sides of the cerebrum; derived from the telencephalic vesicles
Function
Split functions of the cerebellum (coordinated movments, muscle tone, equillibrium)

66
Q

vermis

A

The middle between the 2 cerebral hemispheres (worm)
Function:
Divides the cerebral hemisphers

67
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum
Function
Conveys information to the cerebellum (inferior peduncle) about limb and joint position (proprioception)

68
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum (superior peduncle) from the spinal cord but double crosses

69
Q

<p>

| Vestibulocerebellar tract</p>

A

<p>
An efferent tract composed of purkinje&#39;s axons Function Directly inhibit the vestibular nuclei without synapsing in the cerebellar nuclei Connects the vestibular nerve with cerebellar cortex vestibulocerebellar fibers transmit info of the position and direction of the movement of the head and body</p>

<p>
Like other descending motor pathways, the vestibulospinal fibers of the tract relay information from <a>nuclei</a> to motor neurons.<a><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a> The <a>vestibular nuclei</a> receive information through the <a>vestibulocochlear nerve</a> about changes in the orientation of the head. The nuclei relay motor commands through the vestibulospinal tract. The function of these motors commands are to alter muscle tone, extend, and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head.<a><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></p>

70
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

Traditionally the cerebellum was only thought to be concerned with muscle tone, sensorimotor coordination, and balance, but now has been shown to be involved with almsot every brain stem
-In testimony to the enormous amount of cerebellar input and output, the cerebellum is connected to the brain stem by 3 massive fiber tract systems, the cerebellar peduncles, which encompass the vast majority of axons entering and leaving the cerebellum
GROUND RULES
- all fibers entering the cerebellum terminate in specific portions of the cerebellar cortex
-entering fibers give collaterals to one or more of the cerebellar nuclei en route
- all fibers exiting the cerebellar cortex are axons of Purkinje neurons
-All of these Purkinje axons terminate in the cerebellar nuclei, with one exception
-All fibers leaving the cerebellum are axons of cells of cerebellar nuclei, with same exception

71
Q

fill in later

A

fill in later

Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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